BIOL Cell metabolism (Chapter 5)

Broad definition of energy

The capacity to cause change (or do work)

Two kinds of energy

Kinetic energy and potential energy

What is kenetic energy

The energy of matter in motion

What is potential energy

the stored energy in an object due to its position, properties, and forces acting on it

What is thermal energy

Heat

Type of kenetic energy

Result of the vibration (motion) of atoms and molecules

Example of Thermal energy

Heating a coffee pot

What is light (in terms of energy)

Form of kinetic energy in the form of traveling photons

What is chemical energy

type of potential energy

Energy is stored in bonds

This energy can be transferred into an energy form that cells use to do work

define thermodynamics

Study how energy in one form is converted to another

2 laws of thermodynamics

1. Law of conservation

2. Law o entropy

Explain law of conservation

Energy can be transferred but not created or destroyed

Explain law of entropy

Every transfer of energy increases entropy (disorder in the universe)

Energy transfer is never 100% effiencent

What is required for our clls to preform all chemical reactions to survive

a constant supply of energy

How to humans get a constant supply of energy

eating

define metabolism

Combination of all chemical reactions within an organism

Ability for our bodies to use energy to carry out functions we need to survive

Two types of chemical reactions

1. Endergonic

2. Exergonic

define endergonic

Reactions that require energy (Usally ATP) to convert reactants into products

Define exergonic

Reactions that release energy when converting reactions to products (occurs spontaneously)

Define Endergonic Metabolism

Our bodies use endergonic reactions when building larger molecules (such as glycogen)

Define exergonic Metabolism

Often preformed when breakign down larger molecules into smaller molecules or individual atoms (This is how our bodies break down glycogen for energy)

What are catabolic reactions

Break molecules, usally exergonic

What are anabolic reactions

Build molecules, usally endergonic

What is ATP

our cells primary energy storage molecules

Structure of ATP

An adenine nucleotide with 3 phosphates

Energy is stored in the bond between the last 2 phosphate groups

Anabolic and Catbolic cycle in the cell

In the cell ATP stores energy released from catabolic reactions and provides the energy for anabolic reactions

Negativley charged propety of ATP

Allows for energy storage

Where did the energy cme from to arrange phosphates the certain way in ATP

Exergonic reacions

3 ATP jobs

1. Chemical work (Reactants → Products)

2. Transport work (active transport)

3. Mechanical work (Muscle contractions and transport in the cell)