EXAM #2 Review

Upper respiratory tract

Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx, responsible for air conduction.

Lower respiratory tract

Consists of trachea, bronchi, and lungs, responsible for gas exchange.

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Type of epithelium found in large airways, aiding in air conduction.

Simple squamous epithelium

Type of epithelium in alveoli, facilitating efficient gas exchange.

Alveolar sacs

Key structures in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Bronchioles

Small airways in the lungs that lead to alveoli.

Pulmonary ventilation

The process of breathing, involving inhalation and exhalation.

External respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

Internal respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Cellular respiration

The use of oxygen by cells to produce energy.

Diaphragm

Muscle that helps in the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation.

Vital capacity

The maximum air exhaled after a maximum inhalation.

Obstructive disorders

Conditions like asthma that hinder airflow in the respiratory system.

Restrictive disorders

Conditions like pulmonary fibrosis that limit lung expansion.

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Maintains blood pH by regulating carbon dioxide levels.

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing that can lower carbon dioxide levels and cause respiratory alkalosis.

Hypoventilation

Shallow breathing that can elevate carbon dioxide levels and cause respiratory acidosis.

Mucosa

Innermost layer of the alimentary canal, responsible for absorption.

Submucosa

Contains blood vessels and nerves in the alimentary canal.

Muscularis

Layer of the alimentary canal responsible for peristalsis.

Serosa

Outer protective layer of the alimentary canal.

Rugae

Folds in the stomach lining that aid in the mixing of contents.

Bile

Digestive fluid produced by the liver that emulsifies fats.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Energy expended at rest to maintain vital functions.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

Regulatory pathway controlling metabolism through thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism

Condition of excessive hormone production increasing metabolism.

Hypothyroidism

Condition of insufficient hormone production decreasing metabolism.

Oxygen consumption

Reflects metabolic rate, correlating with BMR.