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stabilising selection
average individuals favoured
the mean
directional selection
the individuals favoured in one direction
e.g longer/shorter fur than usual
genetic drift
random fluctuations of allele frequencies due to chance events rather than natural selection
generic bottleneck
large number of population dies so reduced poulation
alleles are lost
genetic diversity is reduced as reduced alleles
founder effect
a small proportion of an original population migrate and reproduce
new populations alleles consist of founder populations alleles
hardy weinberg principle
proportion of dominant and recessive alleles.
calculates allele frequencies
(number of times allele occurs)