Federalism and Government Powers

Inferred Powers

Powers that are logically derived from the Constitution's expressed powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court decision expanding federal power through the Commerce Clause.

Express Powers

Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the U.S. Constitution.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated but derived from the necessary and proper clause (Elastic Clause).

Police Power

Authority reserved for the states to regulate the health, safety, and general welfare of its citizens.

Confederal System

A political system where power is held primarily by independent states, with a weak central government.

Dual Federalism

"Layer-cake" federalism with clear division of powers between federal and state governments.

Cooperative Federalism

"Marble-cake" federalism where federal and state governments share responsibilities.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that federal law takes precedence over state laws when there is a conflict.

Block Grants

Federal funds given to state or local governments for broad purposes with spending flexibility.

Categorical Grants

Federal funds given for a specific, narrowly defined purpose.

Mandate

A federal requirement that states or local governments must follow, often without federal funds.

Referendum

A direct vote by the electorate on a specific proposal or issue.

Federal Powers

Expressed or implied powers granted to the national government.

State Powers (Reserved Powers)

Powers reserved to the states by the 10th Amendment.

Shared Powers (Concurrent Powers)

Powers exercised by both the federal and state governments.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing implied powers and federal law supremacy.