Chapters 8-10 U4

Low income

GNI per capita <$1100 

Middle income

Middle income GNI per capita $1101

High income

GNI per capita $13,801+

Economic characteristics

Factors relating to the financial/economic state of a country influencing opportunities and resources available to its citizens. 

Economic characteristics (TIIP)

T – Trade

I - Industries 

I – Income 

P – Poverty 

Purchasing power parity

Provides a way to compare countries that have different currencies and costs of living by using a theoretical currency PPP.

Social characteristics

Conditions where people grow, work and live which shape daily life

Social characteristics (SHELETBE)

S – Social security systems 

H – Health systems 

E – Equality (gender)

L – Legal Systems 

E – Education 

T – Technology 

B – Birth rates and population growth

E – Employment 

Environmental characteristics

Characteristics of the environment that contribute to the level of health and wellbeing experienced in all countries.

Environmental characteristics (FISHC)

F – Food Security 

I – Infrastructure 

S – Safe Water and Sanitation 

H – Housing 

C – Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Human Development

1. Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential 

2. Lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests

3. Expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (what people can do and be) DO = learning (literacy/numeracy), working voting. BE = well fed, sheltered, healthy)

4. Having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living

5. Participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives 

Human development index

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. t provides a single statistic based on THREE DIMENSIONS and FOUR INDICATORS

Human development index DIMENSIONS

a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living

Human development index INDICATORS

life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita

Safe water

water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens

Sanitation

Safe disposal of hazardous waste such as human urine and faeces, garbage and wastewater

Food Security

Obtaining nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local, non-emergency sources.

Extreme Poverty

Living on less than PPP $2.15 per day.

social security systems

When governments provide social security payments for those in need, citizens can avoid poverty and can take steps towards prosperity

poverty

lack of access to resources, often due to lack of access to money

Life expectancy at birth

number of years of life, on average, remaining to

an individual at a particular age if death rates don’t change

Mean years of schooling

the average number of years of formal education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Expected years of schooling

the number of years of formal education expected for a child of school entrance age

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

the overall income of a country, divided by the population of the country.

Advantages of HDI

• provides more comprehensive representation of level of human development because it takes more than just average income into account

• It provides a single statistic making comparisons between countries easier.

• can analyse progress made by countries over time in terms of the four indicators, determines success of interventions implemented.

Limitations of HDI

• does not capture richness and depth of human development, doesn’t include level of gender equality; freedom of speech; freedom of employment

• based on averages, does not show the inequalities that exist within countries such asz: cultural minorities, females, disability

• No survey data is collected for the HDI, so people’s feelings about their lives and the issues facing communities are not reflected

Double burden of disease

when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth, such as undernutrition and obesity, exist side-by- side in one community.

FACTORS affecting health status &

human development

P – Poverty

A – Access to safe water

D – Discrimination (race, religion, sex, sexual

orientation, and gender identity)

S - Sanitation

Deprivation of resources due to poverty, affecting Health Status and Human Development

C – Clean water and sanitation

H – Health care

A – Adequate housing

N – Nutritious food

G – Government services, social protection,

infrastructure

E - Education

Discrimination

when a person/people is/are treated differently/unfairly than others, often due to factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.

Racial discrimination

when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status’.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

describes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to

the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.

Sexual orientation

the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.

Gender identity

describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. This can be the same or different from the sex assigned at birth.

SUSTAINABILITY

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

ECOMINC SUSTAINABILITY

ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.

Considerations for achieving ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY (JETI)

J – Job creation

E – Economic growth

T – Trade

I – Innovation and diversity of industries

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY

creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, both now and into the future.

Considerations for achieving SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY (PPEGS)

P – Promotion of political and legal rights

P – Peace and security

E – Elimination of poverty and provision of social protection systems to promote equality

G – Gender equality

S – Safe and decent working conditions

Peace

is the absence of conflict

Social protection

government assistance provided to vulnerable people to meet basic needs

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future.’

Considerations for achieving ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (CUWB)

C – Climate change

U – Use of natural resources

W – Waste removal and pollution

B – Biodiversity

Biodiversity

the variety of different plants, animals and microorganisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part.

Climate Change

is about long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns. 

Greenhouse gases

gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane) which act as a blanket around the earth trapping heat radiated from the sun, which warms the earth.

Rising sea levels

ice melting due to warmer weather - floods, weather changes

Consequences of RISING SEA LEVELS

1. Forced relocation of people living in coastal areas 

2. Reduction in availability of fresh water 

3. Reduced availability of food 

4. Changes in biodiversity 

Weather pattern

when the weather stays the same for days or weeks at a time, which are usually ties to the seasons.

Conflict

absence of peace due to ideas, interests, purposes

Mass migration. 

the movement of large groups of people from one geographical area to another in response to a crisis 

Displaced people

those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution. 

Globalisation

where boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. A reduction in barriers relating to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process. 

Processed foods

foods that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat.

Ultra processed foods

highly processed foods, usually containing cheap ingredients and many artificial additives. They contain high levels of salt, fat and refined sugars.

Tourism

the activities that people get involved in when travelling to and staying in places where they do not normally live. 

Digital health technologies

the use of digital tools, platforms and devices in health care.