Chapter 38: Urinary Elimination (add more)

Anuria

24-hour urine output is less than 50 mL; complete kidney shutdown or renal failure

Dysuria

Painful or difficult urination

Frequency

Increased incidence of voiding

Glycosuria

Presence of sugar in the urine

Nocturia

Awakening at night to urinate

Oliguria

Scanty or greatly diminished urine output; less than 400 mL/24 hr

Polyuria

Excessive urine output (diuresis)

Proteinuria

Protein in the urine; sign of kidney disease

Pyuria

Pus in the urine; appears cloudy

Suppression

Stoppage of urine production; normal output is 40–80 mL/hr or 1500 mL/24 hr

Urgency

Strong, sudden desire to void

Urinary Incontinence

Involuntary loss of urine

Transient Incontinence

Sudden onset, lasts 6 months or less

Overflow Incontinence

Bladder overdistention and overflow of urine

Functional Incontinence

Caused by factors outside the urinary tract (e.g., mobility or cognitive issues)

Reflex Incontinence

Emptying of bladder without sensation to void

Total Incontinence

Continuous, unpredictable urine loss

Stress Incontinence

Involuntary urine loss with increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., coughing, sneezing)

Mixed Incontinence

Combination of two or more types of incontinence

Concentrating urine

Kidneys removes more water from blood, resulting in urine that is higher concentration of waste products and darker color

Normal void amount in adults in 24 hours?

800-2000mL, 300-500mL per void

Normal void amount in catheter patient

30-70mL/hr, or 300-500 mL per void

Routine urinalysis

Placed in clean container during normal voiding to test color, clarity, pH, glucose, protein; no special prep needed

Clean catch

Cleaning patient’s genital area before collection to minimize bacteria

Midstream

Collecting urine after first portion of urine (flushes possible contaminates)

Sterile specimen

Obtained directly from indwelling catheter port w/ sterile technique

Urinary diversion

For patients with urinary stoma or diversion (different path for urine to leave body); collected with sterile technique

24-hour urine collection

Measures kidney function (creatinine, clearance); starts after bladder is emptied once (then discard); collect void for 24 hours and store in refrigerator

Clients at risk of cathetherization

Urinary retention, immobile, collection, accurate measurement, before/after procedures, end of life comfort

Specimen hat

Placed anteriorly, underneath seat to collect urine

Specimen cup

Container holds urine

Bladder scanner

Checks bladder for retention (residual volume >200 indicates urinary retention)