HGAP 6.5 - 6.7

Function of urban models (3)

classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas

describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially

offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses

Functional Zonation

the idea that portions of an urban area, regions, or zones, within the city have specific and distinct purposes

Central Business District (CBD)

commercial heart of a city, focus of transportation and services

Bid-Rent Theory

explains agricultural land use, just as it helps explain land use in CBDs

Industrial/commercial Zones

the zone outside the CBD that is dedicated to industry, includes manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation.

Commensal relationship

when commercial interests benefit each other

Residential Zones

areas where people live

Concentric Zone Model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD

Sector Model

described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history

Multiple Nuclei Model

states that functional zonation occured around multiple centers, or nodes

Peripheral Model

a variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway

Galactic City Model

an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function

European Cities Characteristics

grew out of medieval and pre-industrial cities

city walls were built for protection before gunpowder was invented which restrained growth

dense mix of commercial and residential land use

urban renovations created high quality housing and shops

limited new construction and building height restrictions

former palace parks are large urban parks

most residents live in low-rise apartments

very walkable lifestyle because of so many people living downtown allowing small businesses to grow

European suburbs have a higher percentage of tall buildings

higher population densities in suburbs

international immigration creates ethnic diversity in the suburbs and it usually reflects the colonial heritage of the country

Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities Char.

has a central mosque with one or more tall minarets

the central mosque is usually surrounded by a complex of structures meant to serve the people such as schools

additional mosques were added in outlying neighborhoods

they were built with a defensive citadel and the walls and gates with towers have their remnants still survive

major roads connect the gates of the citadel to the city center

along the roads are outdoor markets called suqs

suqs have higher-selling products near the city center and less valuable materials near the gates of the citadel

streets and alleys are usually twisting and often dead-end

homes have central courtyards rather than yards in front or back

windows are small and located above eye level

this creates shade which might be a cultural adaptation to the sun and heat in the Middle East

this also implies that privacy is an important value

Griffin-Ford Model (Latin America)

often used to describe Latin America, it places a 2 part CBD at the center of the city, a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center

Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns

neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness

Characteristics of African Cities

the traditional CBD before European colonization has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. Includes the formal economy, permanent stores with full-time jobs that comply with local regulations and have set wages

the colonial CBD has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

the informal economy zone thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow regulations. This zone also includes periodic markets, where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods

a zone of mining and manufacturing is often found in cities

residential zones are often based on ethnicity. These mirror the multi-ethnic makeup of African countries

periphery of cities consists of densely populated informal settlements which lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage, they also face problems with drugs, crime, and disease

Squatter Settlements

periphery of cities that lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. Similar to Latin American favelas, they face problems with drugs, disease, and crime

Characteristics of SE Asian cities

focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone

cities might include a government zone

shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities

if the city is a national or regional capital, it might have a commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors

a belt of market gardening often surrounds and supplies these cities

because of Chinese immigration many cities include a secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses

industrial parks and regions of manufacturing have emerged on the peripheries of some cities

Zoning Ordinance

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used

Urban Planning

a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use

Residential density gradient

as one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing change

McMansions

new homes in the suburbs that are larger than their previous home that do not always conform to the style of other homes in the neighborhood

Filtering

houses pass from one social group to another

Invasion and Succession

refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering

Urban Infill

process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences

Big-box retail stores

they have been successful

Suburbanization of business

the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter

The difference in residential land use outside vs. inside the US

outside the US, residential density gradient does not usually from higher to lower the farther one goes from the CBD.

in Europe there is high population density in the suburbs and low population density in the CBD

In Latin America, peripheral areas of cities may contain suburbs typical of the US, and also suburbs similar to Europe, also very high dense squatter settlements. There are a lot of gated communities on the rise

Infrastructure of a city

transportation features, such as roads, bridges, parking lots, and signs

communications features such as cell phone towers, television cables, and Internet service

distribution systems for water, gas, and electricity

buildings, such as police stations, courthouses, and fire stations

collection systems for sewage and garbage

entertainment venues, such as museums, theaters, and sports facilities

open spaces, such as public parks and town squares

Municipal(ity)

local government of a city or town and the services it provides/local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction

Annexation

adding land to a city’s legally defined territory

Incorporation

the act of legally joining together to form a new city

Bedroom communities

commuter suburbs, lacking a CBD and continue to function within the larger metro area

Unincorporated areas

when populated regions don’t fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality

How countries’ infrastructure varies

economic wealth is not evenly distributed across the globe. Some cities are located in wealthier countries and, therefore, can spend more money on developing, maintaining, and improving infrastructure

Public Transportation

buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency

Impact of the car in urban areas

automobile ownership has continued to grow in the 21st century. Collecting data about automobile use and applying it to improve traffic flow is critical to transportation in large cities

Where the wealthy choose to live?

In Europe and Canada, wealthy people have traditionally chosen to concentrate in densely-populated central cities. In the US, wealthy citizens have been more likely to live in the suburbs where population densities are lower.