Studied by 9 peopleFunction of urban models (3)
classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas
describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially
offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses
Functional Zonation
the idea that portions of an urban area, regions, or zones, within the city have specific and distinct purposes
Central Business District (CBD)
commercial heart of a city, focus of transportation and services
Bid-Rent Theory
explains agricultural land use, just as it helps explain land use in CBDs
Industrial/commercial Zones
the zone outside the CBD that is dedicated to industry, includes manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation.
Commensal relationship
when commercial interests benefit each other
Residential Zones
areas where people live
Concentric Zone Model
describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a CBD
Sector Model
described how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a city’s history
Multiple Nuclei Model
states that functional zonation occured around multiple centers, or nodes
Peripheral Model
a variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway
Galactic City Model
an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function
European Cities Characteristics
grew out of medieval and pre-industrial cities
city walls were built for protection before gunpowder was invented which restrained growth
dense mix of commercial and residential land use
urban renovations created high quality housing and shops
limited new construction and building height restrictions
former palace parks are large urban parks
most residents live in low-rise apartments
very walkable lifestyle because of so many people living downtown allowing small businesses to grow
European suburbs have a higher percentage of tall buildings
higher population densities in suburbs
international immigration creates ethnic diversity in the suburbs and it usually reflects the colonial heritage of the country
Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities Char.
has a central mosque with one or more tall minarets
the central mosque is usually surrounded by a complex of structures meant to serve the people such as schools
additional mosques were added in outlying neighborhoods
they were built with a defensive citadel and the walls and gates with towers have their remnants still survive
major roads connect the gates of the citadel to the city center
along the roads are outdoor markets called suqs
suqs have higher-selling products near the city center and less valuable materials near the gates of the citadel
streets and alleys are usually twisting and often dead-end
homes have central courtyards rather than yards in front or back
windows are small and located above eye level
this creates shade which might be a cultural adaptation to the sun and heat in the Middle East
this also implies that privacy is an important value
Griffin-Ford Model (Latin America)
often used to describe Latin America, it places a 2 part CBD at the center of the city, a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high-rise center
Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns
neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness
Characteristics of African Cities
the traditional CBD before European colonization has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. Includes the formal economy, permanent stores with full-time jobs that comply with local regulations and have set wages
the colonial CBD has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers
the informal economy zone thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall-based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow regulations. This zone also includes periodic markets, where small-scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods
a zone of mining and manufacturing is often found in cities
residential zones are often based on ethnicity. These mirror the multi-ethnic makeup of African countries
periphery of cities consists of densely populated informal settlements which lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage, they also face problems with drugs, crime, and disease
Squatter Settlements
periphery of cities that lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage. Similar to Latin American favelas, they face problems with drugs, disease, and crime
Characteristics of SE Asian cities
focus of the modern city is often a former colonial port zone
cities might include a government zone
shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities
if the city is a national or regional capital, it might have a commercial zone dominated by foreign merchants and ambassadors
a belt of market gardening often surrounds and supplies these cities
because of Chinese immigration many cities include a secondary commercial zone dominated by Chinese businesses
industrial parks and regions of manufacturing have emerged on the peripheries of some cities
Zoning Ordinance
regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used
Urban Planning
a process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use
Residential density gradient
as one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing change
McMansions
new homes in the suburbs that are larger than their previous home that do not always conform to the style of other homes in the neighborhood
Filtering
houses pass from one social group to another
Invasion and Succession
refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering
Urban Infill
process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences
Big-box retail stores
they have been successful
Suburbanization of business
the movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter
The difference in residential land use outside vs. inside the US
outside the US, residential density gradient does not usually from higher to lower the farther one goes from the CBD.
in Europe there is high population density in the suburbs and low population density in the CBD
In Latin America, peripheral areas of cities may contain suburbs typical of the US, and also suburbs similar to Europe, also very high dense squatter settlements. There are a lot of gated communities on the rise
Infrastructure of a city
transportation features, such as roads, bridges, parking lots, and signs
communications features such as cell phone towers, television cables, and Internet service
distribution systems for water, gas, and electricity
buildings, such as police stations, courthouses, and fire stations
collection systems for sewage and garbage
entertainment venues, such as museums, theaters, and sports facilities
open spaces, such as public parks and town squares
Municipal(ity)
local government of a city or town and the services it provides/local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction
Annexation
adding land to a city’s legally defined territory
Incorporation
the act of legally joining together to form a new city
Bedroom communities
commuter suburbs, lacking a CBD and continue to function within the larger metro area
Unincorporated areas
when populated regions don’t fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality
How countries’ infrastructure varies
economic wealth is not evenly distributed across the globe. Some cities are located in wealthier countries and, therefore, can spend more money on developing, maintaining, and improving infrastructure
Public Transportation
buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency
Impact of the car in urban areas
automobile ownership has continued to grow in the 21st century. Collecting data about automobile use and applying it to improve traffic flow is critical to transportation in large cities
Where the wealthy choose to live?
In Europe and Canada, wealthy people have traditionally chosen to concentrate in densely-populated central cities. In the US, wealthy citizens have been more likely to live in the suburbs where population densities are lower.
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