CHAPTER-13-THE-FILIPINO-AMERICAN-HOSTILITIE

What was the Treaty of Paris (1898) and its significance?

The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the $20M purchase of the Philippines from Spain.

What were Filipino expectations after the Spanish-American War?

Filipinos expected independence after the war.

What was Aguinaldo's provisional government?

Aguinaldo established a provisional government, asserting Filipino independence.

How did the U.S. use Aguinaldo during the war?

The U.S. used Aguinaldo as an ally against Spain, but later treated him like an escaped convict.

What was the relationship between Dewey and Aguinaldo?

Dewey and Aguinaldo formed an informal alliance against Spain.

What was McKinley's "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation?

The proclamation, issued on December 21, 1898, showed the U.S. intended to remain in the Philippines, asserting sovereignty over the Filipinos.

The idea was that the U.S. would "help" Filipinos by bringing them American values like democracy, education, and civilization—but without giving them independence.

How did McKinley's Proclamation impact the Filipino people?

It was issued without consulting Filipino representatives and indicated U.S. control over the Philippines, despite Filipino aspirations for independence. Filipinos felt:

1. Betrayal and Anger

2. Outbreak of War

3. Loss of Lives and Freedom

4. Cultural and Political Suppression

What was the immediate cause of the outbreak of war in 1899?

The San Juan Bridge incident on February 4, 1899, shifted the U.S.-Filipino alliance to open warfare.

What were the Filipino accusations regarding the February 4, 1899 incident?

Filipinos believed the American attack was planned to provoke a war, as senior officers were absent and Filipino workers were dismissed from American ships.

What was the American response to the February 4, 1899 incident?

There was no investigation into the incident from the American side.

What type of warfare characterized the Filipino resistance?

Guerrilla warfare led by Filipino forces, though they were poorly equipped and lacked discipline.

How did the U.S. respond to the Filipino resistance?

The U.S. conducted brutal counterinsurgency military campaigns.

Who was Mabini, and why was his role significant?

Mabini was the President of the Cabinet and advocated for Filipino independence, but was later pressured into accepting a new Cabinet under Paterno.

How did Mabini's removal affect the Filipino cause?

His removal weakened the independence movement and led to greater internal division.

What led to the assassination of Antonio Luna?

Luna, a prominent general, was known for his temper (slapping people) and was assassinated after being called to Aguinaldo's headquarters in Kabanatuan.

What was the Bates Treaty?

The Bates Treaty was meant to ensure peaceful co-existence between the Muslim Moro people in the southern Philippines and the U.S. It aimed to avoid conflict by recognizing the authority of the Sultan of Sulu while securing U.S. control over the region. However, despite the agreement, tensions remained and the treaty wasn’t fully honored, leading to later conflicts.

What were the main provisions of the Bates Treaty?

1. The U.S. sovereignty over Jolo and its surrounding areas is recognized.

2. The rights and dignity of the Sultan and his datos will be respected.

3. Muslims will not be persecuted for their religion.

What was significant about the Battle of Pasong Tirad?

General Gregorio del Pilar used Pasong Tirad's terrain strategically, but the Americans ambushed Filipino troops using a secret trail.

How did the Americans capture Aguinaldo?

Colonel Frederick Funston used Filipino informants to help capture Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, after a meeting that turned into a firefight.

What happened after Aguinaldo's capture?

Aguinaldo was brought to Manila, where he swore an oath of allegiance to the United States on April 1, 1901.

Who took over the resistance after Aguinaldo's capture?

General Miguel Malvar took over the resistance, and General Vicente Lukban in Samar engaged in guerrilla tactics.

What are guerrilla tactics?

a type of unconventional warfare where smaller groups use ambushes, hit-and-run tactics, and other asymmetrical strategies to fight against larger, more traditional military forces.

What brutal action did General Jacob Smith order in Samar?

General Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children under ten years old in retaliation to Filipino ambushes.

What marked the end of the revolutionary era?

The capture of Aguinaldo and the collapse of the Filipino resistance effectively ended the revolution.