BISC 2083 Exam 2

All organisms require ___

A source of carbon and a source of energy

Phototrophs

use the electromagnetic radiation in light to produce ATP

chemotrophs

use chemicals to produce ATP

Autotrophs

produce their own food by pulling inorganic CO2 gas out of the atmosphere

Heterotrophs

Obtain carbon by consuming other organisms

Active transport

active movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane

Psychrophile

-20 - 15 degrees C

Psychotolerant

5 - 35 degrees C

Mesophile

10 - 50 degrees C

Thermophile

45 - 80 degrees C

Extreme thermophile

65 - 135 degrees C

Acidophiles

Low pH

Neutrophiles

Mid-pH around 7

Alkaliphiles

high pH

Obligate aerobes

need oxygen

obligate anaerobes

cant have oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

prefer oxygen but can survive without it

Aerotolerant anaerobes

doesnt use oxygen but isn’t harmed by it

microaerophiles

have to have just the right amount of oxygen

Biofilms

synergistic ecosystem of microorganisms that work together to provide advantages over individuals

Most bacteria replicate through ___

binary fission

Anabolism

building of large molecules from small building blocks

Catabolism

breaking down of large molecules into smaller building blocks

Catalysts

molecules that lower the activation energy of a reaction

Endergonic

reactions that require energy

Exergonic

reactions that release energy

Heredity

how DNA is passed from one organism to another

Chromosomes

large structures of DNA and proteins

Genes

small pieces of DNA that contains the information for a specific product

Adenine binds to ___

Thymine

Cytosine binds to ___

Guanine

Asexual reproduction

reproduction that ends in two organisms that are genetically identical

sexual reproduction

DNA from two separate organisms combine to make a brand new organism

Horizontal gene transfer

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

Transcription

process of RNA synthesis

Translation

The process of protein synthesis

Codon

set of three amino acids

Mutations

Heritable changes to the DNA of an organism

Substitution

replacing nucleotide with other nucleotides (same number)

Insertion

adding any number of extra nucleotides

Deletion

deleting of any number of nucleotide basis

Polymerase chain reaction

Procedure developed to replicate DNA outside of cells (in vitro)

Sterilization

process that destroys all viable microorganisms, including endospores and viruses

Disinfection

Process or agent that destroys all vegetative pathogens, but not bacterial endospores

Decontamination/Sanitization

Cleansing technique that physically removes mircroorganisms to a level that is safe for use

Antisepsis/Degermination

Reduces the number of microbes on human skin

cidal agents

actively kill living bacteria

static agents

inhibit and slow growth

Treatment factors

1. Identify the mircroorganism

2. Organism sensitivity

3. Medical condition of the patient

Zone of inhibition

the zone of clearing that shows if a bacteria is sensitive to an antibiotic

Theraputic window

The range at which a drug has the desired effect without causing harm