Biology: The Study of Living Organisms

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and concepts from the biology lecture notes provided.

Cell Theory

A theory stating that all living organisms are composed of cells and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Reductionist Biology

An approach to study living organisms using concepts and techniques from physics and chemistry.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Organelle

Specialized structure within a cell that performs a distinct function.

Cytoplasm

The semi-fluid matrix inside the cell where cellular activities occur.

Ribosomes

Non-membrane bound organelles involved in protein synthesis.

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, where ATP is produced.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer covering of some cells that provides support and protection.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digestion.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that packages and modifies materials for transport within or outside the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that synthesizes proteins and lipids; includes rough and smooth types.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures found in centrosome, involved in cell division.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that houses genetic material and controls cellular activities.

Chromatin

The form of DNA in the nucleus during interphase, composed of DNA and proteins.

Cell Cycle

The series of events in a cell's life including growth and division.

Biopolymers

Large molecules made up of repeating subunits, which include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Glycocalyx

A protective layer surrounding some bacterial cells, composed of polysaccharides.

Flagella

Long, whiplike structures that propel certain cells, such as sperm or bacterial cells.