BIO 181 chapters 15,16 Transcription, Translation, Regulation

What is the reading frame for DNA and RNA?

We read every three letters (triplets)

What is the Central Dogma in genetics?

DNA replication

Transcription

Translation

Every gene will make a protein

Where does Transcription happen in the prokaryotic cell?

cytoplasm

Where does translation happen in the eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

Where does Translation happen in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

ribosome

What are the building blocks for DNA and RNA?

nucleotides

Match this DNA TCG to DNA

AGC

Match this DNA TCA to RNA

AGU

Match this RNA AUG to another RNA

UAC

What is mRNA?

messenger--copy of DNA

What is tRNA?

transfer--transfers amino acids in Translation

What is rRNA?

ribosomal--makes ribosomes

How many units does a ribosome have?

2

What is the weight for prokaryotic ribosomes?

70S

What is the weight for eukaryotic ribosomes?

80S

Define intron

a piece of mRNA that is excised because it will not be used to make a protein

Define Exon

a piece of mRNA that remains because it will help make a protein (code for protein)

What is a codon?

a triplet on mRNA

What is an ANTIcodon?

a triplet of tRNA that matches the mRNA codon

The origin of Transcription

promoter

The 'end here" of Transcription

terminator

The Replication Fork in DNA Replication is called a _________ in Transcription

Transcription Bubble

How many RNA Polymerases in prokaryotic cells? (for Transcription)

1 with 5 subunits

How many RNA Polymerases in eukaryotic cells? (for Transcription)

3

When prokaryotic cells can shift the genes around they can make many different proteins from on mRNA --this is called

polycistronic

rho protein termination in Transcription and a hairpin are seen in ______ cells

prokaryotic

Transcription factors are seen in ____ cells

eukaryotic

During translation do you need a START HERE and an END HERE ?

yes

Which direction is mRNA read by the ribosome?

5' --> 3'

What are the proteins called that help the protein that is made from translation fold?

chaperonins

What are dNTPs? dGTP dCTP dTTP dATP

energy nucleotides with 3 phosphates that can provide energy to add the nucleotides. (while cleaving two phosphates)

notice dATP is NOT ATP (dATP has deoxyribose, ATP has ribose)

what are ddNTPs?

lab made nucleotides that can stop and change replication

What is a mutation? And how do we fix mutations during DNA replication?

change in the DNA (a mistake)

repair enzymes (excision and mismatch)

Is there mRNA processing for prokaryotic cells (in transcription)?

no mRNA processing

Do eukaryotic cells have mRNA processing for transcription?

yes

What is the problem with histones (in Transcription) for eukaryotic cells?

proteins have to help unwind nucleosomes (histones) before transcription can begin

Name two characteristics of prokaryotic translation?

translation follows transcription immediately

polyribosomes allow for multiple copies of protein

Name two characteristics for eukaryotic translation?

more complex

needs cap and tail off mRNA

What is the first amino acid placed in translation?

Met (Methionine)

What is amino acyl synthetase?

enzyme that adds amino acids to tRNA

What is peptidyl transferase?

enzyme that adds amino acids together on the protein made during translation

What is gene expression?

making a protein from DNA

What is gene regulation?

deciding which gene is on and which is off

How is prokaryotic genes regulated?

through gene groups called operons

only transcriptional control

How are eukaryotic genes regulated?

At transcription level (using transcription factors)

At post transcriptional level (choosing exons)

At translation level with controlling speed of translation

At post translational level with ubiquitins which decide if protein will be folded or destroyed

At epigenetic level --where the environment outside the DNA can affect gene expression

What is an example of epigenetic regulation for eukaryotic genes?

methyl groups added or removed to unwind or wind up the DNA around histones