AP Biology Unit 1, AP Bio Unit 2: Cell transport, Ap bio Unit 3: cellular energetics

Hydrophilic

water loving (soluble in water)

Hydroxyl Group

-OH

Carboxyl Group

-COOH

Amino Group

-NH2

Macromolecules

Large molecules such as: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Polymers

a large molecule consisting of many monomers linked together

Monomers

one of the repeating parts of a polymer

dehydration synthesis

a reaction that removes water and combines monomers into polymers

Hydrolysis

a reaction where adding water breaks up a polymer into monomers

Enzymes

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Carbohydrate

molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides like starches

Starch

a storage molecule used by plants

Glycogen

Molecule made by animals to store glucose

Hydrophobic

water fearing

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

fatty acid containing one or more double bonds - not saturated with Hydrogen

Saturated Fatty Acid

fatty acid containing only single bonds - full of hydrogens

Phospholipids

contain a phosphate group and attach to 2 fatty acids rather than three - makes cell membranes

Steroids

lipids containing 4 fused carbon rings

Cholesterol

component in cell membranes - comes from animal fats

Protein

a molecule made of amino acids

Amino Acids

Monomers (building blocks) of proteins; amino group, hydrogen, and carboxylic acid group

Peptide Bond

covalent linkage between peptides to form a poly peptide

Polypeptide

a polymer made of peptides

DNA

genetic inheritance polymer - Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

Are most carbohydrates are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Are fats and lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophibic?

hydrophobic

Denaturation

proteins or enzymes, lose their specific shape, and changes its function

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Contains C, H, O

Carbohydrates and lipids

Contains C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

Proteins

Contains C, H, O, N, and P

Nucleic Acids

Primary Structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Tertiary Structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

peptide

Short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

proton donors

Acids are

proton acceptors

bases are

acidosis

pH below 7.35

Alkalosis

pH above 7.45

nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

Triglycerides

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol

glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

disulfide bridges

A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

allosteric inhibitor

binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form

hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

bonds weakest to strongest

van der waals, hydrogen, ionic, covalent

water adhesion

water molecules stick to other kinds of substances (H bonding)

water cohesion

water molecules stick to each other (H bonding)

specific heat

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

DNA and RNA

hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues.

fructose

a hexose sugar found especially in honey and fruit.

Galactose

a monosaccharide and has the same chemical formula as glucose

structural isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

amine

nitrogen compound

ketone

R-C=O-R

aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

ether

have no hydrogen atom on the oxygen atom (that is, no OH group) R-O-R

alcohol

organic molecules assembled from carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) atoms.

carboxylic acid

any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (―OH) by a single bond

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

nuclear membrane

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Glycolipid

a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

ex. glucose transport

aquaporin

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

Compartmentalization

Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

eurokaryotic cell

unicellular organism with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

water potential

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.

water potential formula

Ψ = Ψs + Ψp

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water

solute potential (ΨS)

iCRT

i= ionization constant

C= concentration in molarity

R= pressure constant -> 0.0831

T= temperature in K ( ___ C +273)

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

osomotic pressure

measure of the tendency for a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane; can be described as the amount of pressure required to prevent net movement of water into the solution

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Co-transport

The transport of one substance coupled with the transport of another substance across a plasma membrane in the same direction through the same protein carrier.

phagosome

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Integral Proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

lysed cell

Animal Cell that has burst in a high solute, low solvent environment

turgid cell

a plant cell that has absorbed water and has cytoplasm that is pressing outwards on the cell wall

flaccid cell

cell that lack water; is soft; causes plants to droop; closed stoma. If placed in higher solute concentration will undergo plasmolysis.

plasmolyzed cell

Plant cell that has been dehydrated

-Occurs when cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

electrochemical gradient

The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.