Areas of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
frontal lobe function
involved in motor function: problem solving, memory, judgment, impulse control
occipital lobe function
vision
parietal lobe function
sensation
temporal lobe function
hearing and smell
Diencephalon structure
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
diencephalon function
memory processing and emotional response
Thalamus function
processes sensory information
hypothalamus function
hormone production, emotion, autonomic function
pituitary gland is connected to
hypothalamus by the infundibulum
infundibulum
A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
pituitary gland interfaces
nervous and endocrine systems
brain stem function
processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes, Maintains consciousness
pons
connects the cerebellum to the brain stem
medulla oblongata
Connects brain to spinal cord, Relays information, Regulates autonomic functions (Heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion)
embryonic development
determines organization of brain structures
neural tube
an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system
origin of the brain
neural tube
the neural tube enlarges into
3 primary brain vesicles
three primary brain vesicles
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
Five secondary brain vesicles
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
diencephalon and mesencephalon
to persist
Telencephalon
becomes cerebrum
metencephalon
forms cerebellum and pons
Myelencephalon
becomes medulla oblongata
Origin of ventricles
The neural tube encases neurocoel, a fluid-filled internal cavity, which then expands to form the ventricles lined with ependyma cells
Each cerebral hemisphere contains
one large lateral ventricle, Separated by medial partition (septum pellucidum)
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
What are the ventricles of the brain?
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
third ventricle
Ventricle of the diencephalon, Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle, Via interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)
fourth ventricle
Extends into medulla oblongata, Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord, Connects with third ventricle, Via narrow canal in midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct
lateral ventricles communicate with
third ventricle
interventricular foramen
connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle
cerebrospinal fluid production
produced by choroid plexuses
choroid plexus produces
500 mL of CSF/day
cerebrospinal fluid drainage
drainage via arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus
functions of cerebellum
Adjusts postural muscles, Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious movements
functions of cerebrum
Controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions, Processes somatic sensory and motor information
white matter of the cerebrum
deep to cortex and around basal nuclei
white matter of the cerebrum
association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
association fibers
connections within one hemisphere
commissural fibers
bands of fibers connecting two hemispheres
projection fibers
connect cerebrum with lower areas
all lobes
association areas, integration and processing of sensory data; processing and initiation of motor activities
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
12 cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Olfactory (N1)
sense of smell
optic (nii)
sensory; visual
oculomotor (niii)
eye movement
Trochlear (niv)
eye movement
trigeminal (nv)
general sensory, chewing
Abducens (NVI)
eye movement
Facial (NVII)
facial expression, taste
vestibulocochlear (nviii)
hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal (nix)
taste and swallowing
Vagus (nx)
Taste, hunger, and GI Tract
accessory (nxi)
moving head and shrugging shoulders
hypoglossal (nxii)
tongue movement
primary somatosensory area function
receives sensory impulses from sensory receptors responding to touch, temperature and proprioception
primary somatomotor area
precentral gyrus
primary somatosensory area
postcentral gyrus
function of primary somato motor area
voluntary activation of skeletal muscles