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Enclosure
This grouped scattered land holdings into blocks for increased efficiency and fewer rivalries however some peasants suffered as common land became inaccessible. Oxfordshire did not enclose land and remained successful
Market Gardens
This developed as more transportable crops could be grown and moved to the markets which required new and efficient techniques.
Water Meadows
In use at least 100 years before 1625, they used dams and gates to divert river water into fields to keep the ground moist which allowed for the avoidance of spring frost and early grass growth and therefore livestock could be kept for longer.
New and more common crops
a number of crops were introduced including artichokes and asparagus which provided better eating habits and increased soil fertility. However these varied diets were not common amongst peasants who had a bread based diet. Nitrogen rich plants like clover were introduced to improve nutrients
Crop rotation
Developments in enclosure which increased yield and improved nutrients in the soil as well as helping land reclamation
New Wagons
Increased transport efficiency
Increase Literacy
Yeoman and Husbandmen could now read information about new agricultural techniques
Immigration
Dutch settlers helped to improve irrigation and introduce new crops in the South East
Walter Blith
He wrote books about agricultural techniques however his books were suppressed after the restoration
Capital Investment
Yeoman and large landowners benefitted massively from this as they could do large scale modernisations and specialise to maximise profits. However Tenant farmers who received limited investment and Scottish + Irish farmers who did not benefit whatever often had to reduce in size.
Husbandmen
farmer with limited amounts of land
Yeomen
wealthy farmers with a lot of land
John Ogilby
produced the first road atlas mapping 7500 miles of road which allowed farmers to take advantage of transportation
Settlement act
This meant that wealthy land owners could send workers back to their ‘settled’ homes to avoid paying poor rates
turnpike act
created toll roads which allowed for better funding to make more and better roads
Antwerp
the base of most European loaning but was declining in importance
Royal exchange
established to create space for brokers outside of Antwerp
Money Scrivening
credit became more attractive as interest rates lowered and these were pople who lended or arranged the lending of money on behalf of others. they grew in popularity as the commonwealth confiscated land after the civil wa so landowners turned to loans to protect their estates
Marine Insurance
this provided financial coverage against risks to shipping however English merchants were initially were agaisnt parting with such large sums as they could either not afford it or could afford to absorb the damage or losses. Dutch merchants were more conscious of the risks and would often purchase English insurance and as it became more established and dropped in price by 75% London became the Leading market for this globally
coffee houses
These provided convenient meeting places for clients saving time to visit clients which helped the development of insurance
Fire Insurance
This was needed as fires spread quickly in the tightly packed streets of London
Goldsmith bankers
These developed as goldsmiths had private and secure vaults for precious metals however began being sued for private banking as faith was lost in the royal mint. Eventually they could offer short term loans with a 6% interest
Cloth trade
Responsible for a large part of British economic growth and the government took steps to protect the industry by prohibiting exports to certain countries like France however this just causes a large smuggled wool industry
Domestic system
This is a system where merchants would purchase the raw wool and sold the final produce but cottage workers would be payed to process and weave the wool. This made it much easier to hire and let go of labour as the skills were familiar to peasant families however this system was a continuation of years previous.
New draperies
common British heavy woolen cloth was replace with lighter textiles like cotton and silk and the arrivals of Dutch weavers assisted this industry introducing worsted draperies which were treated in a different way, cheap and versatile. They also introduced the frame knitting machine
French Huguenots
many were skilled craftsmen and as protestantism became a crime in France, they established a major weaving industry and the growth of the silk industry in Britain
North America
As Britain created colonies here the tobacco trade grew exponentially and became important as it allowed Britain to compete with other European powers as well as allowing a custom duties to be applied to fund WIlliam’s wars.
Similarly puritan colonies grew trade for fur, fish and ship building which further strengthened the British economy
Caribbean
Initially tobacco was also grown here but quickly sugar became the main crop which led to the expansion of the slave trade. as a part of the ‘Great Western plan’ to disrupt Spanish influence during the interregnum, interest in this area massively increased. cocoa and coffee also became popular
Treaty of Madrid
This forced Spain to recognise British occupation of the Caribbean and allow British ships to sail amongst the islands.
East India Company
Established by London merchants, they initially set up silver trading posts in Java eventually expanding to the whole east indies. They met opposition from the dutch but eventually won cotton, silk, indigo, saltpere and spice trade from South India. It extended its activity and eventually all English subjects in India were under its authority, they set up an army and built armoured ships. their profits exceeded that of the Americas and the Royal African company combined.
transatlantic slave trade
As colonies grew, so did the demand for labour and eventually slaves were taken from West Africa and traded for local goods in America. The triangular trade expanded as most dutch trading posts in Africa were acquired, the trade became massively beneficial for both traders and plantation owners and the Royal African company allowed Britain to dominate the slave trade.
Royal African company
allowed Britain to dominate the slave trade
Navigation acts
The first tried to promote British policy of mercantilism by restricting colonial trade to England. It was mainly targeted at the Dutch and allowed the British to dominate the cloth trade
The second strengthened the British economy at the expense of the dutch but Charles insulted the dutch by demanding foreign ships not fish within 10 miles of the British coast
First Anglo-Dutch war
This was a result of Cromwell attempting to enforce English sovereignty at sea during the time the british economy his a low while the dutch were prospering
second Anglo-Dutch war
The Dutch payed Denmark to ally with them and the british performed poorly. They were also humiliated by the burning of the Royal Charles. The Dutch secured a relaxation of the navigation act and it negatively impacted the British economy
third Anglo-Dutch war
This was a result of Charles wanting British dominance of international trade. neither side was massively successful
Treaty of Westminster
(1) the dutch were required to adhere to the navigation act as well as saluting passing English navy ships
(2) Parliament finally convinced Charles to withdraw from the war and the relations were reverted to that of 1667 - a strictly commercial rivalry
Treaty of Dover
This promised French subsidies in return for Charles’ conversion to Catholicism. one of the terms joined France against the Dutch
Note 
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