u12 theories of personality

general terms

personality?

an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

complex & hypothetical construct

CONSISTENCY & DISTINCTIVENESS

general terms

where did persona come from?

nature and nurture

general terms

how does persona D out?

healthy persona?

[]

general terms

swing in emphasis

Freud: grand theories → narrower, more specific elements

general terms

the big five

trait model of personality that everyone has to a degree

OCEAN

openness to experience

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

general terms - the big five

openness to experience

inventive/curious vs consistent/cautious

general terms - the big five

conscientious

efficient/organized vs easygoing/caring

general terms - the big five

extraversion

aka pos emotionality

outgoing/energetic vs solitary/reserved

general terms - the big five

agreeableness

friendly/compassionate vs analytical/detached

general terms - the big five

neuroticism

aka neg emotionality

sensitive/nervous vs secure/confident

low need for stability vs high need for stability

Freud

What do you describe something as Freudian? (3)

• unconscious

• childhood

• sex

Freud

how does the unconscious reveal itself? (4)

• somatic complain: phys expression b/c of an emotion → disorders (ex. stress → headache)

• Freudian slip: don’t mean to say it (ex. bf says mistress name w/ gf)

• artistic expression: art/music

• dreams (& nightmares): express the unconscious

Freud

general stuff (4)

• psychoanalysis: talking cure

• psychodynamic: big umbrella term

• conflict & tension

• public & private: feel/want vs what is accepted

Freud

structure of personality (8)

ID

• primary process thinking: instinctual & irrational

• pleasure principle: wants pleasure → doesn’t care ab consequences

EGO

• secondary process thinking: decision making & mediator

• reality principle: max. pleasure while min pain & delayed gratification

SUPEREGO

• ego ideal: ideal way to be acting

Freud

Levels of awareness (3)

1. conscious: what you are aware of

2. preconscious: be easily retrieved but not thinking about it at the moment

3. unconscious: repressed feelings etc etc

   -great influ on behavior; forgotten but not gone

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

fixation

how children deal with w/ innative urges

-shapes persona → leaves mark on adult persona

• fixation: libdial E stuck → overemphasis on psychosxl needs

oral stage

anal stage

phallic stage

latency stage

genital stage

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

oral stage

birth - 1

focus: mouth

task: weaning off nipple

other: oral fixation (obsessive eating)

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

anal stage

2 - 3

focus: anus (bowel movement)

task: toilet training

other: hostility twrd trainer

• anally retentive/expulsive: stick up the ass etc

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

phallic stage

4 -5

focus: genitals

task: identification

other: crisis-oedipal conflict or oedipal complex (electra - penis envy vs castration complex)

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

latency stage

6 - 12/13

focus: sxl repression

task: E in other places

other: expand social context

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

genital stage

puberty - up

focus: period of adult sxl D

task: channeled E

other: manifestations

Freud

Defense Mechanisms (12)

bkg notes

redirecting → target more appropriate/less threatening etc

repressive coping style: dec mem (neg fkbk)

-avoid unpleasant emotions

cog dynamics in projection: actively suppress thoughts → high accessibility bc of the effort

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

repression

motivated forgetting

bury it; push it to the unconsci

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

denial

denying it

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

regression

regress

overt to an earlier, less threatening stage (like curling up, baby voice)

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

displacement

redirecting it to harmless thing

emotion transferred from dangerous → safe target

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

projection

resource/direct (reattribute)

doesn’t alter the nature of the feeling, rather it is pushing it to the outside world

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

reversal

roles switched

recognize players and emotions

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

reaction formation

the emotion is switched & exaggerated

convince yourself of the exact opposite

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

intellectualization

rationalism

overthink, explain or come up with reasons and excuses for the problem

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

isolation

disconnect

emotion vs saying

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

identification

group eff

bolster self-esteem by forming imaginary group or real alliance

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

undoing

new problem & fix

Freud

stages of psychosexual development (14)

sumblimination

channel to artistic

something useful & productive

psychodynamic perspectives

jung - analytic psych

• unconsci determinants

• PERSONAL unconsci

• COLLECTIVE unconsci: spritual

  • archetypes: imaginary images w meaning

sooo:

• little impact on mainstream psy (more in myths etc)

• INTROVERTS v EXTRO

psychodynamic perspectives

adler - individual psych

Freud = too much on sxl conflicts

human motivation = striving for superiority

young children have basic inferiority

compensation: efforts to overcome real/imagined inferiorities by developing one’s abilities

personal disturbances: excessive inferiority feelings → prevent normal process

overcompensation: conceal feelings of inferiority

the social context & birth order

psychodynamic theories as a whole

3 contributors

• unconsci

• childhood

• internal conflict

3 critics

• poor testability

• inadequate evi

• sexism

behavioral perspectives

skinner

ENVI molds behavior

“free will is but an illusion”

operant conditioning nvr meant to be a theory on persona

determinism: don’t have a say in how things turn out

response tendencies: S→R; acq through experiences and may change in the future

implicit view of persona: collection of RT tied to various situations & varies in strength

behavioral perspectives

bandura

social cog theory

humans are thinking, consci, feeling creatures

reciprocal determinism: all (thinking, envi, behavior) are two way arrows

what makes a model influential?

• like v respect

• attractive v powerful

• similarity

• if obs model behavior → pos outcomes?

self-efficacy: belief ab ability to perform behaviors & the outcomes (confidence vs worry)

behavioral perspectives

mischel

situational factors

situational specificity: far less consistent than widely assumed

interactionism: debate over relative importance of person vs situation in determining behavior (both r)

humanistic perspectives

general terms

focus:

• unique qualities of humans (FREEDOM & POTENTIAL)

• “optimistic”

• disagreed with Freud & behaviorists

1. too deterministic

2. too dehumanizing (F: primal instincts & B: robotic etc)

STRIVE AND THRIVE!!!

humanistic perspectives

phenomenology

rogers

assumes one has to appreciate an individual’s personal subjective exper to truly understand their perspectives

humanistic perspectives

rogers

self/self-concept

• collection of beliefs ab own nature & unique qualities & typical behavior

PEOPLE ARE AWARE of this

age inc, stability inc → pp feel comfortable & loyal → self fulfilling prophecy + pp becomes resistant that contradicts theirs

humanistic perspectives

congruence/incongruence

venn diagram w/ s-concept & reality

more overlap = more congruence = healthier persona

humanistic perspectives

maslow

hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

• realizing your potential

• hving brought to life the full potential of our skills

  • bring to life skills, uniqueness, our selves

biological perspectives

persona = heredity?

• potentially

• complex & polygenic

• twin studies: “genetic blueprints shape contours of persona”

biological perspectives

heritability estimates

20 - 40

certain traits 40 - 58

big 5 50?

low end 20 & high end 60

biological perspectives

eysenck - hierarchy of traits

many superficial traits derived from smaller # of more basic traits

extraversion

neuroticism

psychoticism

biological perspectives

conditionability

“arousability”

introverts (higher)? → conditioning easier? → inhibition (introversion persona)

contemporary empirical approaches

focus

narrow

on specific traits

• describe/measure

• shed light on D

• ascertain rel’ship to other traits/behavior

contemporary empirical approaches

locus of control

generalized expectancy about the degree to which individuals control their outcomes

external: “pawns of fate”

internal: their actions/abilities (generally healthier)

contemporary empirical approaches

sensation seeking

generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation

contemporary empirical approaches

self-monitoring

the degree to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions

contemporary empirical approaches

narcissism

a