G11 | Earth Science - Lesson 2

Rock

Is any solid material naturally found on Earth, consisting of minerals, preexisting rocks, mineral-like matter, or organic debris.

Rock

It can either contain a single mineral or be a composite of several minerals.

Rock Cycle

Describes the continuous transformation of rocks into sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks through various natural processes.

Ignis

Igneous rocks are derived from the Latin word ______, meaning fire.

Igneous Rocks

They form when magma from volcanic eruptions cools sand solidifies.

Igneous Rocks

Primarily consists of silicon and oxygen (as silica), with other elements like aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron.

Extrusive/Volcanic Rocks, Intrusive/Plutonic Rocks

2 types of Igneous Rocks.

Extrusive/Volcanic Rocks

Formed when molten rocks solidifies at the Earth’s surfaces.

Intrusive/Plutonic Rocks

Formed when magma cools and solidifies at depth.

Coarse-Grained (Phaneritic) Texture, Fine-Grained (Aphanitic) Texture, Porphyritic Texture, Glossy Texture

4 types of texture of Igneous Rocks.

Coarse-Grained (Phaneritic) Texture

Large crystals visible to the naked eye, an example is granite.

Fine-Grained (Aphanitic) Texture

Small crystals no visible without a hand lens, an example is basalt.

Porphyritic Texture

Contains two minerals with significantly different grain sizes, an example is feldspar.

Glossy Texture

Non-crystalline, rocks with no mineral grains, an example is obsidian.

Felsic Rocks, Mafic Rocks, Andesitic Rocks, Ultramafic Rocks

4 types of chemical composition of Igneous Rocks.

Felsic Rocks

Light-colored rocks, rich in feldspar and silica, an example is quartz.

Mafic Rocks

Dark-colored rocks, rich in magnesium and iron, an example is pyroxene.

Andesitic Rocks

Contain a mix of both light and dark minerals, an example is amphibole.

Ultramafic Rocks

Dominated by dark minerals, an example is olivine.

Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed through deposition and solidification of sediment, typically transported by water, ice, wind, and soil.

Lithification

Transformation of sediments into solid rock through compaction and cementation.

Compaction

Occurs when sediment layers accumulate and are compressed by overlying materials.

Cementation

The hardening of sediments due to the precipitation of minerals in pore spaces.

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks, Chemical Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks

3 types of Sedimentary Rocks.

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

Derived from weathered igneous rocks, an example is sandstone, and shale.

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Formed from soluble material produced by chemical weathering, an example are flint, and rock gypsum.

Metamorphic Rocks

Formed from pre-existing rocks subjected to extreme heat and pressure, altering their structure.

Weathering

The breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals due to natural elements such as water, wind, plant, roots, and ice.

Erosion

The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves rock particles and soil.

Water, Wind, Ice

3 types of erosion.