Age of Reformation

Calvinists

Followers of John Calvin emphasizing predestination, God's sovereignty, Bible authority, and the concept of the "elect." (those predestined to salvation)

Martin Luther

Protestant reformer who opposed indulgences, published the 95 Theses, advocated salvation by faith alone, and founded Lutheranism.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestant group advocating adult baptism, communal property, and pacifism during the Reformation.- Hated by other protestant groups as they were against infant baptism which meant some babies could not go to heaven

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss theologian rejecting Catholic teachings, promoting priesthood of all believers, and symbolic Eucharist. Did not believe in

Salvation through faith alone

fasting, purgatory, indulgences, veneration and intercession of the saints, celibacy for the clergy, and monasticism.

Early Protestant Ideals

Emphasized salvation by faith and good works, rejected Catholic hierarchy, advocated priesthood of all believers.

Effects of printing press

Facilitated spread of Protestant ideas, Bible translations, democratization of knowledge, increased literacy rates,

German Peasant War

1525 revolt against feudal oppression, inspired by Luther but brutally suppressed, highlighting social tensions.

Said that if all equal before god why do nobles have more power

• Peasants' uprising against feudal lords and the Catholic Church

• Led by Thomas Müntzer and other radical reformers

• Resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of peasants and the suppression of the rebellion

Zqingili supported, but luther did not saying that peasents should not revolt- led to revolution/s downfall

Role of women in Protestant ideals

Criticized celibacy, promoted marriage, condemned prostitution, but societal roles remained constrained.

Rise of the Habsburgs

Consolidated power through strategic marriages, military victories, alliances, and inheritance of territories.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 treaty ending religious wars in the Holy Roman Empire, allowing princes to choose their territories' religion.

Could not choose calvinism (lutherism or catholicism)

• Treaty between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League

• Established the principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" (whose realm, his religion)

• Allowed each prince to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism as the official religion of their territory

• Marked the end of religious warfare in Germany and the beginning of a period of relative stability

Protestant ideas in Scandinavia

Spread of Lutheranism, establishment of national churches, shaping religious and cultural identity.

Reformation in England

Initiated by Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church, leading to the Act of Supremacy and dissolution of monasteries.

Act of Supremacy

1534 declaration making the monarch head of the Church of England, breaking from papal authority.

Edward VI

Protestant King of England implementing reforms, influenced by Cranmer, and leading to power struggles.

Mary Tudor

Catholic Queen of England persecuting Protestants, marrying Philip II, and reviving Catholic practices.

Elizabeth - religious stability

Queen balancing Protestant and Catholic elements, consolidating Protestantism in England.

Creation of Irish Church

Imposing Protestantism on Ireland, facing resistance and ongoing religious conflict.

Battle of English Channel

Strategic naval battles during the Reformation era with significant religious and political implications.

Council of Trent

Catholic response to the Reformation, reaffirming teachings, emphasizing scripture, and implementing reforms.

Vernacular Bibles

Translations enabling access to scripture, promoting literacy, and contributing to cultural development.

Huguenots

French Reformed Protestants facing persecution, influencing French politics and society.

Puritans

English Protestants advocating for further reform within the Church of England.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to "purify" the Church of England from Catholic influences, emphasizing simplicity in worship and strict moral codes.

Szlachta

Polish nobility wielding political influence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, shaping religious policies and promoting religious pluralism.

Catherine de’ Medici

Queen consort of France involved in French politics and religious conflicts, associated with the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Mass killings of Huguenots in France, sparking violence during the Wars of Religion in the late 16th century.

Charles V

Habsburg ruler facing challenges from the Protestant Reformation, overseeing the Diet of Worms and the Council of Trent.

State exploitation of religious conflicts

Manipulation of religious tensions by states for political gain, using religion as a pretext for war and expansion.

Catholic Reformation

Movement within the Catholic Church to address challenges posed by Protestantism, leading to reforms and new religious orders.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, emphasizing education and missionary work during the Catholic Reformation in the 16th century.

Causes of religious violence

Stemming from theological differences, power struggles, and cultural clashes, often fueled by intolerance and fear.

Politiques

Pragmatic leaders prioritizing state interests over religious ideology, promoting religious tolerance and compromise for stability.

Edict of Nantes

Granted religious freedom to French Protestants, aiming to end religious strife and promote national unity in 1598.

European Witch Hunts

Period of mass hysteria and persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft, reflecting fears and religious authority.

Roman Inquisition

Established to combat heresy within the Catholic Church, employing torture and censorship to enforce orthodoxy.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

Declared English monarch as head of the Church of England, breaking away from papal authority during the English Reformation.

La Querelle des Femmes

Debate in Renaissance Europe on women's nature, roles, and capabilities, influencing attitudes towards gender relations.

Regulation of Immoral Activities

Laws enacted by authorities to control activities like prostitution and begging for maintaining public order.

Carnival Restrictions

Imposed limitations on Carnival celebrations to prevent social disorder and excess, such as masking and gambling.

Communal Leisure Activities

Collective recreational events during festivals fostering social cohesion and identity among participants.

Saint’s Day Festivities

Celebrations honoring patron saints with religious ceremonies, feasting, and community gatherings.

Carnival

Festive season preceding Lent characterized by masquerades, feasting, and social expression.

Blood Sports

Spectator sports involving animal suffering like bullfighting, controversial due to moral concerns.

Rituals of Public Humiliation

Practices publicly shaming individuals for social transgressions to enforce norms and maintain order.

Charivari

Folk custom involving public ridicule for violating social norms, reflecting community solidarity.

Stocks

Wooden restraints for public punishment and deterrence against crimes, reinforcing social norms.

Public Whipping and Branding

Forms of public corporal punishment to enforce laws and instill fear in the population.

Factors in Witchcraft Accusations

Various reasons contributing to witchcraft accusations, including social upheaval and religious fervor.

Prominence of Women

Women targeted in witchcraft accusations due to gender stereotypes and biases.

Regional Variation

Diverse beliefs and practices regarding witchcraft across European regions.

Social Upheaval

Periods of turmoil coinciding with witchcraft accusations and trials, venting social tensions.

Gian Bernini

Italian Baroque artist known for dynamic sculptures and influence on Counter-Reformation art.

Henry VIII

English king initiating the English Reformation by breaking with the Catholic Church.

Problems with the Catholic Church

Challenges like indulgences and simony undermining the Church's authority.

Indulgences

Practice criticized for exploiting fears of purgatory and contributing to the Protestant Reformation.

Simony

Buying or selling of spiritual favors within the Church, criticized for corruption.

Pluralism

Holding multiple ecclesiastical offices contributing to clerical neglect and corruption.

Absenteeism

Clergy's failure to fulfill duties, leaving communities underserved and disillusioned.

Nepotism

Favoring relatives for Church positions, undermining meritocracy and accountability.

Church's Trust Issues

Factors like corruption and theological controversies eroding public trust in the Catholic Church.

Pope vs Frederick II

Conflict over papal authority and imperial power in the 13th century.

Babylonian Captivity

Period of papal relocation to Avignon marked by corruption and subservience to French interests.

Great Schism

Split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 over papal succession and political interference.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to clergy and institutionalized religion due to perceived abuses of power and privilege.

Schmalkaldic League

Schmalkaldic League A defensive alliance of Protestant princes in Germany formed in 1531 to protect their interests against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.