A level history the Tudors Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Henry's consolidation of power

Was Warbeck really a threat with the support of James IV?

James IV knew that Ferdinand and Isabella were not interested in an alliance with Scotland, but he supported Warbeck to obtain a better deal from the Spaniards. James was prepared to ditch the pretender if his spanish or English diplomacy bore substantial fruit.

How long was Warbeck in Scotland?

Warbeck in Scotland from November 1495 to July 1497, recurring friction in Anglo-Scottish relations, particularly after James IVs accession in 1488.

did people support Warbeck?

James and the other rulers who supported Warbeck was that every ruler had sufficient motives and not necessarily believing the imposter yet supported him.

What happened to William Stanley?

The execution of the king’s step uncle, sir William Stanley, in 1495, for his suspected sympathy with the pretender’s cause.

why was William Stanley executed?

• On the 4th january 1495, Stanley and others were summoned to attend a council to be held in the tower; and when assembled, Clifford, who had already disclosed the whole scheme to Henry, entered acknowledging his connection with warbeck. He was allowed forgiveness provided he impeached, amongst others, Sir William Stanley, Lord Chamberlain. Everyone other than the king was shocked at this accusation. The only charge made against him was that he had been heard to say that if he was certain Warbeck were king Edward’s son, he would never bear arms against him. This was enough to be charged with high treason. 16th February 1495, Sir William Stanley beheaded at Tower Hill. 

What does the execution of william stanley show?

illustrates the extent of Henry’s concern about domestic support for Warbeck.

How insecure was henry at the end of 1485 and early 1486?

it is easy to underestimate Henry’s insecurity. The english monarch faced the threats of foreign invasion and domestic rebellion, and his evident insecurity was also hindering the conclusion of a matrimonial alliance between his eldest son, Arthur, and Catherine of Aragon (as had been anticipated in the anglo-spanish treaty concluded at Medina Del Campo in March 1489).

What did yorkist supporters do when they heard of the young king (perkin warbeck) survival?

He was joined by many adherents of the yorkist party, who supplied him with money and arms. Setting out for portugal at the end of 1491, landing in cork.

When Warbeck was in Portugal who sent support for him?

He was not there for long until he was told that Charles VIII of France said if he should visit France, he should find a safe asylum, and that assistance should be afforded him in recovering his rights. Perkin gladly embraced the offfer of such a powerful ally.

was Charles VIII a true ally to Warbeck?

It seems Charles VIII was holding him in regal captivity in order to get a more advantageous treaty with Henry VII. After securing this he coldly dismissed his guest, who retired to Flanders. There the Duchess of Burgundy acknowledged him as Richard of York.

Who were Warbecks main supporters in England?

Both Ireland and Scotland were favourably disposed towards him. His chief supporters in England were Sir Robert Clifford; Sir William Stanley, Lord chamberlain; Lord Fitzwalter; Sir Thomas Thwaites; Sir Robert Ratcliffe; and william Barley, of Albury, Hertfords.

In terms of legitimacy, was Henry worried about Warbecks claim?

The king was perfectly at ease with respect to the imposter, as everyone knew who and what he was, and how worthless his cause was.

When did Warbeck first land in England?

3rd july 1495

what happened at Perkins first landing in England?

With the assistance of The Duchess of Burgundy, Perking made a descent upon the english coast. A portion of his troops landed at deal, but perkin himself remained on board until he had learned the disposition of the inhabitants. It was fortunate he did, for the kentish men, instead of assisting him as he had imagined, fell upon his soldiers, killing a great number, and taking about 150 prisoners, all whom were hanged.

What did Perkin do after his first failed attempt at landing in England?

fled once again to Charles VIII of France, but the terms of a treaty concluded in London, between Charles VIII and Henry, on 24th of February 1496, he was unable to remain there long, and once more turned to Ireland, and then to King James IV of Scotland.

How did James greet Warbeck on his arrival to Scotland?

James was so impressed at Warbeck’s claim that he bestowed upon him the hand of his cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon, daughter of George, Second earl of Huntley, by Jane, daughter of James I.

What did the marriage of Warbeck and Lady Catherine Gordon suggest about how James saw Warbecks claim?

It suggested that James was convinced by Warbeck’s scheme as sanctioning him to marry someone from his royal household.

How did Henry try to keep himself secure with the help of France (in refrence to Perkin Warbeck) ?

He sent Richmond Herald to France, in order to discover the feelings of Charles VIII on the subject of Warbeck’s claim. In the letter dated 5th March 1496; richmond is directed among other things, that the king did not need to distress himself about repaying a loan which he had from Henry, for another year. He also had a desire for a personal interview; to speak of matrimonial alliance between the two countries. Richmond was also instructed that when he speaks of the matter of the ‘garson’, to treat the matter with inseeming difference, and to say that the affair is one of the least cares the king has.

Although Henry told Richmond Herald that when he spoke to Charles VIII about Warbeck to seem relaxed about the situation, what suggests that he actually was not?

Richmond was told to broach the subject if Charles or his ministers do not, and to remind charles about a meeting held in Turin in August 1495, he had promised, in the events of such a contingency [impending scottish attack on England] to assist Henry.

How was Henry’s security tied more with Burgundy?

At the end of 1495, Emperor Maximillian of Germany resigned his guardianship over his son Philip, who was still a minor. One of the first public acts of Philip was to send ambassadors to England, begging a renewal of the Treaty of Commerce, which Henry had broken of two years previously, when Philip had refused to give up Warbeck. Philips ambassadors found no problem concluding their mission and on the 24th of February 1496, a treat of peace and perpetual amity was signed in London.

when did a scottish force cross the border?

1496

what happened when the Scottish forces for Warbeck crossed the border?

James marched accompanied by Warbeck, into Northumberland, where he expected to be joined by a considerable number of Yorkists; even though he called upon people to support their lawful sovereign, none obeyed the summons. In this proclamation Wabeck denounces Henry as a usurper, and says that Henry, well aware that he cannot hold his position any longer, is sending vast amounts of treasure abroad, for his future subsistence. he offers a reward of £1000 , and an annuity of a hundred mares in houses and land, to whomsoever will intercept the king in his attempted  James, having advanced so far into the enemy's country, thought it was too good an opportunity to be wholly lost; so, finding that it was impossible to enlist any sympathizers amongst the Northumbrians, he contented himself with carrying off everything of value belonging to them that he could sieze.

How was the Cornish rebellion started?

Scotland was the only country to which Henry hadn’t secured. Henry summoned parliament on 16th January 1497, the only purpose of which to levy a subsidy of £120,000, and two fiteenths.  The rigour with which this tax was levied produced much discontent among the people, particularly in Cornwall, where it was flatly refused.

who was behind the cornish rebellion?

Thomas Flammock and Michael Joseph, of Bodmin, were particularly active in encouraging the people to resist the imposition, and induced them to take up arms in opposition to the king. A considerable body of the malcontents marched through Devonshire into Somersetshire, where James Tuchet, Lord Audley, assumed command. They proceeded to Salisbury and Winchester, gathering fresh numbers as they went, and finally, to the number of sixteen thousand, encamped at Blackheath. Had there been any unity of action between them and the army of the king of Scotland, it might have gone hard with Henry; as it was, the southern in- surgents were completely routed on the 22nd of June, 1497, and Audley, Flammock, and Joseph, being taken prisoners, were executed,  the others were permitted to return to their homes.

How did the cornish rebellion help James IV?

It gave him an opportunity to make another incursion into England. He laid seige to the Castle of Norham, but on news of the approach of the Earl of surrey with 20,000 men, he retired to Edinburgh.

After the cornish rebellion, what was the peace treaty made with Scotland?

James instructed Earl of Angus to propose terms for peace, as there was no mention of Warbeck in these, Henry refused to accept them; unwilling to break off treaty all together, he dispatched Richard Fox, Bishop of Durham, in July 1497, to reopen negotiations. One of the stipulations was that Warbeck should be delivered up to Henry. It took a while for James to agree, but he dismissed Warbeck.

Where did Warbeck go after being dismissed from James IV court?

Warbeck took his departure from Scotland, and with his wife and a small band of followers, embarked for Cork, where he landed on the 26th July 1497.

Where did Francis Lovell and the stafford brothers after the battle of Bosworth?

They made their way to Colchester where they took sanctuary in the Abbey of St John the Baptist.

what was the rebellion of Lovell and Stafford characterised on?

Characterised by its lack of large militaristic approach and reliance more on strategic plotting.

Main cause of the lovell stafford rebellion.

The poltical climate. in the year 1496, England was under the rule of Henry VII, just having emerged from the tumultuous period known as the war of the roses. The nation was filled with political instability and socio-economic tensions.

Factors that played a role in instigating the lovell rebellion.

• discontent with the reigning king.

• allegiances to the yorkist cause and the desire to dethrone the king.

• divisive political climate and lingering hostilities stemming from the war of roses (can be seen as Francis lovell close ally of Richard III).

when did the rebellion start?

The rebellion started with Francis Lovell and the Stafford brothers mustering support from fellow Yorkist loyalists.

In spring 1486, Lovell instigated the rebellion from Yorkshire, while the Staffords started the uprising in Worcestershire.

When the rebellion failed to gain mass support, Lovell escaped to Burgundy, and the Staffords sought sanctuary in a local church.

How did the rebellion end?

The rebellion came to an end when the Staffords were captured from the church, thereby exsinguishing the flame of the uprising. To exemplify the rebellions timeline, consider the escape of Francis Lovell. In the Spring of 1486, pressured by the lack of support, lovell fled to burgundy. this made a significant shift in the rebellion as one of the key figures was no longer directly involved in the English political scene.

Short term effects of Lovell and Stafford rebellion

the rebellion, all though unsuccessful, exposed the vulnerabilities of King Henry VII’s reign. It highlighted the deep seated resentments and loyalties that still remained amongst yorkists, despite the end of the war of roses.

Long term effects of the Lovell and Stafford rebellion.

the rebellion contributed to setting stage for future uprisings, most notably, the Lambert Simnel uprising and the Perkin Warbeck rebellion. The discontent that had been simmering since the Stafford and Lovell rebellion was carried over to these later revolts. The rebellion ultimately served as a clear reminder of the unstable and divisive political climate of that era.

How did the rebellions of Henry VII keep other tudor rulers in line?

The rebellion showed a continual reminder to the tudor line that they had to keep their position secure. For example, King Henry VIII, is known for his vigor in consolidating royal power. His notorious break with the catholic church and the establishment of the church of England were in part driven by the desire to reinforce stability and security to the Tudor rule.

when was the beginning and end of Lovell and Stafford rebellion?

23rd April 1486 and ended 14th may 1486

Henry’s main commanders that put down stafford and lovell rebellion.

Henry VII, Duke of Bedford, Sir Richard Edgcumbe and Sir John Savage.

why did the stafford brothers fail in their part of the rebellion?

rose a rebellion in worcester, despite the fact that Henry had mass support there. During this time, Henry was in york on a nationwide tour of the country. As soon as he advanced towards worcester to eliminate yorkist threats, on 11th may 1486, the stafford brothers again fled to sanctuary, this time at culham in the church belonging to abingdon abbey.

When were the stafford brothers actually captured?

Henry had Stafford brothers forcefully removed from sanctuary on the night of the 14th may 1486 by 60 armed men led by his knight John savage, who had commanded the left flank of his army at battle of Bosworth.

How serious was it that Henry broke the rules of a sanctuary when removing the Stafford brothers?

The abbot complained about the outrageous infringement on his abbeys ancient privileges as a place of sanctuary. However, the two men were tried before the courts of king’s bench, where the justices ruled that sanctuary was not applicable in cases of treason. Henry then ordered the execution of Humphrey stafford but pardoned younger Thomas stafford.

what happened to Sir John Conyers and the abbot of Abingdon who were suspected to be involved in the Stafford and Lovell conspiracies?

he was stripped of his stewardship of middleham and had a £2000 bond imposed. The abbot of Abingdon, who had organised sanctuary for the Stafford brothers, was given a 3000 mark bond of allegiance

Who was the first pretender in Henry VII reign, and who instigated it?

Lambert simnel first pretender, primary instigator being Richard Simonds an English priest. planted in Oxford. Simonds had a youth, scarcely the age of ten, called Lambert simnel, who was likely son of Thomas Simnel of Oxford. A graspingly cunning man, simonds was content on working his way up the church hierachy.

who did Richard Simonds pick for Lambert simnel to impersonate.

After Richard Simonds taught Lambert simnel courtly manners, he chose for him to impersonate Edward, Earl of warwick, the Duke of Clarence’s son, who was also the same age as Lambert and had been imprisoned in the tower shortly after the Battle of Bosworth

Why did Simonds and Simnel head for Ireland in late 1486? were they successful?

• the house of york had been supported since Duke Richard’s luitenancy in 1449-1450.

• Simonds secretly summoned a meeting of a considerable number of Ireland nobles, convinced the that his ‘Earl of Warwick’ was genuine.

• this first major figure to openly declare for the boy was the Chancellor of Ireland, Thomas Fitzgerald. He was a powerful ally with substantial connections through his brother Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare.

why was it easy for the irish to support lambert simnels claim?

The irish found it hard to bend to Henry VII rule, so when a ‘legitimate’ yorkist turned up on their shores it was easy to return to old loyalties. despite Henry marrying Edward IV’s eldest daughter, Elizabeth of York.