phys ed leadership

What is leadership? Define.

• The leader is the vital link between the group and the goal. 

• Leadership can be viewed as having a positive influence on the lives and behaviours of others.

• A leader is not someone who does great things, but rather someone who inspires others to do great things. 

Name three people who demonstrate leadership skills? What makes these people leaders? 

• Andre DeGrasse

• Cassie Campbell 

• Wayne Gretzky

Describe different words from the pyramid of success? Why are these words important? 

• Industries (Hard Work)

• Enthusiasm (Love and passion for what you do)

• Cooperation (Working well with others)

• Self-Control (Discipline and emotional stability)

• Intentness (Perseverance and determination)

• Skill (Mastery of your craft)

• Poise (Confidence and composure) 

• Confidence (Belief in yourself)

Trait Theory

• Origin known as ‘great man theory’. 

• The concept that great leaders have personality traits that make them perfect candidates for the leadership role 

• Great leaders are born, not made. 

Personality Theory 

• Becoming more aware of your own strengths and preferred behaviours in group situations will help you understand when and how you will step up to the front and lead 

• Completing a personality such as Myers-Briggs, True Colours or a Personality Dimensions test will give you insight into your own behaviour.

Behaviour Theory

• Personality theory bridges the gap from trait theory to behaviour theory 

• The theory of planned behaviours  and has been broken down into 2 distinct leadership dimensions (Task Orientation and Relationship Orientation)

Task Oriented Leaders

• Task is structured 

• Degree of stress is high 

• Roles are clearly defined 

• Group is large 

• Deadlines must be met

Relationship Oriented Leaders

• Task is unstructured 

• Degree of stress is low 

• Roles are unclear and flexible 

• Group is small

• Time constraints are loose

Comprehensive Theory 

• This approach states that leadership success is a function of the leader’s behaviour, the group members’ characteristics, and situational factors.

Task Oriented Leaders Have:

• Low affiliation needs 

• High achievement needs 

• High acceptance for authority 

• Low need for independence 

• Lower tolerance for ambiguity 

• Material rewards

Relationship Oriented Leaders Have:

• High affiliation needs

• Low achievement needs 

• Low acceptance for authority 

• High need for independence

• High tolerance for ambiguity 

• Intrinsic rewards

Situational Theory 

• Leadership styles range from highly autocratic through democratic (participative) to highly laissez-faire

• This suggests that most effective leadership behaviour depends on the followers’ ability and motivation.

  • Autocratic: Leaders make decisions and announce it, make decisions and “sells” it, leaders present decisions and invite feedback. 

  • Democratic: Leader makes tentative decisions subject to change, leader  presents problems, welcomes suggestions, makes decisions. Leader defines limits and asks the group to make decisions. 

  • Laissez-Faire: Leader permits groups to function independently within set limits.

What is your true colour? What type of leadership theory is this?

My true colour is orange. I am Witty, Charming, Spontaneous, Impulsive, Generous, Impactful, Optimistic, Eager, Bold. The type of leadership theory is transformational leadership.

main characteristics of gold personality

• Be prepared!

• Loves to plan

• Detail oriented

• Service oriented

• Values family traditions

• Helpful and trustworthy

• Conservative and stable

• Strive for security

• “Should” “Should not”

• Belief in policies, procedures, rules

• Value order and status quo

• Duty, loyalty

• A right way

• Punctual, precise

main characteristics of blue personality

• Mediators

• Optimistic

• Caretakers

• Passionate

• True romantic

• Cause oriented

• Need to feel “special”

• Has a kind word

• Peace, harmony

• Enjoy the symbols of romance

• Strong sense of spirituality

• Sensitive to the needs of others

• Motivate and encourage others

• Cooperative rather than competitive

main characteristics of green personality

• “Should be able to”

• “Why”

• Intellectual and theoretical

• Idea people and independent

• Philosophical and complex

• Perfectionists

• Standard setter

• Visionary / futurist

• Can never know enough

• Cool, calm and collected

• Work is play - play is work

• Often not in the mainstream

main characteristics of orange personality

• Playful and spontaneous

• Energetic and competitive

• Charming and a risk taker

• “Just do it!”

• Test limits

• Quick witted and impulsive

• Master negotiator

• Creative / inventive

• Natural entertainer

• High need for mobility

• Natural non-conformist

• Stimulates the economy

• Wants immediate feedback

What is the difference between task oriented and relationship oriented?

Task-oriented leaders focus on achieving goals, assigning responsibilities, overcoming barriers, and using structure, rules, and rewards/punishments to ensure tasks are completed efficiently. Relationship-oriented leaders prioritize interpersonal connections, the well-being of team members, and a friendly, supportive environment over strict task completion.

Task Oriented disadvantages

1. Can neglect team members' emotional needs and well-being.

2. May result in a rigid or authoritarian environment with limited flexibility or creativity.

Task Oriented advantages

1. Clear roles and structure help increase efficiency, especially in large groups or under pressure.

2. Effective in high-stress situations where deadlines must be met and expectations are defined.

Relationship Orientated disadvantages

1. May sacrifice task efficiency or deadlines to maintain harmony.

2. Can struggle in high-pressure or structured environments where clear direction is needed.

Relationship Orientated advantages

1. Builds trust, motivation, and loyalty among team members through personal support and encouragement.

2. Promotes a positive team atmosphere, especially beneficial in smaller, more flexible groups.

Autocratic or Authoritarian Leader Definition

• Given the power to make decisions alone, having total authority.

• Closely supervises and controls people when they perform certain tasks.

• Make all decisions, no need to justify groups.

• Directs by command

• Good to have this style when the group needs complete direction.

• Effective in times of crisis.

• Military style

Autocratic or Authoritarian Leader Example

A military officer giving strict orders.

Democratic or Participative Leadership

• Includes one or more people in the decision-making process of determining what to do and how to do it.

• Maintains the final decision-making authority.

• Team management and working towards achieving group consensus

• Leader empowers the group by sharing information and power

• Genuine sharing of team’s success

• Delegation of control over their own performance outcomes

• Open to negotiate problems or differences of opinion

Democratic or Participative Leadership Example

A teacher letting students vote on a project topic but still giving the final grade.

Laissez Faire or Delegative Leader Definition

• Allows people to make their own decisions.

• Leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made.

• This style allows greater freedom and responsibility for people.

• However, you need competent people around you or nothing will get done.

• Kept informed but steps back from decision-making

• Prefers to act as a resource, providing support

• Effective when group is competent

• Fosters most leadership development (Opposite of autocratic)

• Not threatened by emerging leadership

Laissez Faire or Delegative Leader Example

A boss who lets their team run the project while staying in the background.

The Charismatic Leader Definition

• Leads by creating energy and eagerness in people.

• Leader is well liked and inspires people.

• Appeals to people’s emotional side.

The Charismatic Leader Example

A speaker who gets people hyped with passion and energy.

The Servant Leader Definition

• The highest priority of this leader is to encourage, support and enable people to fulfill their full potential and abilities.

• Helps people achieve their goals.

• Works for the people, for others.

The Servant Leader Example

A coach who helps players grow, even off the court.

when will autocratic be most effective

Most effective in a crisis or emergency where fast, clear decisions are needed and useful when the group needs complete direction and cannot waste time discussing

• Ex: During a medical emergency in a hospital, the leader must give direct orders without hesitation to save a life

when will democratic be most effective

• Most effective when collaboration, creativity, or team input is important Great for long-term projects or planning where everyone’s ideas matter

• Ex: Planning a hospital charity event, where input from nurses, doctors, and admin helps create a successful outcome

when will laissez faire be most effective

• Most effective when working with a highly skilled and independent group. Works well when the team is competent and motivated, and doesn’t need supervision

• Ex: A team of experienced surgeons working on research, they’re trusted to manage their tasks with minimal oversight

when will charismatic leader be most effective

• Most effective when the group needs motivation, inspiration, or emotional connection. Great during times of low morale or when launching a new vision or goal

• Ex: Introducing a new hospital program and needing the staff to feel excited, energized, and united around the change

when is servant leader most effective

• Most effective in situations that require support, empathy, and personal development. Works best when the goal is to build people up and help them grow

• Ex: Mentoring new medical interns, helping them feel confident, supported, and capable in a stressful environment

What percentage of our daily lives are spent communicating?

70% of our daily activities require communication, therefore it can be one of the most serious flaws of any potential leader.

List the barriers to effective communication.

Filtering, Selective attention, Defensiveness, Information overload, Differing gender styles, Poor listening skills, Physical or emotional barriers, Body language

What is the difference in communication between males and females?

• Each gender uses oral communication for different reasons

• Men talk to emphasize information, whereas women talk in an attempt to make a connection. 

Downward direction of communication

• Leaders communicating to their followers or coaches instructing their athletes

• Used to assign goals, provide job or skill instruction, provide performance feedback, and point out problems that are in need of attention

Upward direction of communication

• Flows from a lower to a higher level in the organization

• Helps the leader stay informed about his team members’ goals, performance efforts, feelings, morale, and organizational concerns in general

• Provides the leader with suggestions that have the potential to improve the group’s overall effectiveness

Lateral direction of communication

• Among members at the same organizational level

• To save time and facilitate coordination

• If the group decides in advance about a chosen approach to a problem, this can then be communicated to the leader with a feeling and showing of solidarity

• Lateral communication can also serve a role in team member bonding

list the 6 types of conflict

1. Depersonalized

2. Personalized

3. Intrapersonal

4. Interpersonal

5. Intragroup

6. Intergroup

Depersonalized

• When a conflict stems from a difficult situation or problem A rational resolution process without emotion is possible. Often can become personalized as individuals become invested in a particular point of view

• Ex: Two students working on a science fair project can’t decide which experiment would be more effective. They look at research and time limits, and choose the one that fits their deadline better, without taking it personally.

Personalized

• When people are in opposition to one another

• Emotional reactions and feelings often arise, and having to work with this person may be annoying, confrontational, or offensive to the people involved, Most importantly, it may cause an unproductive work environment

• Ex: Emily feels that her coworker, Josh, is always trying to take credit for their shared work. She gets frustrated and starts ignoring him during meetings, which makes things uncomfortable for the whole team.

Intrapersonal

• Internal conflict, or having to make a tough decision all on your own

• A person who has developed a clear set of personal values and a strategy for making decisions faces less stress than these dilemmas often present for others less prepared

• Ex: A teenager is deciding whether to study abroad for a year or stay home to be with their friends and family. She keeps going back and forth because both choices have major pros and cons.

Interpersonal

• Conflict between two or more individuals, where each holds an opposing view

• Ex: Two roommates argue because one of them wants to have friends over every weekend, while the other prefers a quiet space to study. Their different lifestyles start to clash.

Intragroup

• When a group is split on an issue

• The decisions that are most strongly supported afterwards are those where the group reaches a consensus. Ex: by the time the vote is taken, the decision is unanimous

• Ex: A student council can’t agree on what the theme for prom should be. Some want a formal black-tie event, while others want a more relaxed, fun vibe. It takes several meetings and votes to reach a decision.

Intergroup

• When entire groups are in conflict with each other

• Ex: The boys' soccer team and the girls' soccer team argue over who should get the new practice field time slots. Both sides feel like they’re being treated unfairly, and it starts creating division between the teams.

List the common causes of conflict.

Differing Goals, Needs and/or Values, Rivalries and Ambitions, Avoidance of Responsibility, Carelessness, Job Responsibilities, Stress, Prejudice, Miscommunication

Why is stress such an important factor to consider when working in a group? 

• Stress is a key factor to keep in mind when working in a group because it can affect how members communicate, make decisions, and perform tasks. High stress levels may cause individuals to become less focused, more tense, and less willing to collaborate, which can create tension and slow down progress.

Explain three techniques that can be used when dealing with conflict.

• active listening

• win-win

• using “I” Messages and Being Assertive

active listening

• Involves asking appropriate questions to better understand how someone else is feeling and why

• This allows the other person to tell you more

• More than just listen or hear, it requires trying to understand person’s needs

win-win

• In a compromise situation, one party will give up some of what he really wants and take less to allow the other party to get some of what she wants

• In a win-win situation, you must “think about side the box” and explore how to meet the needs of both parties at the same time

Using “I” Messages and Being Assertive

• A person effectively uses an “I” message when they communicate their emotions, identifies the situation that is causing these feelings, and proposes a solution

• Without blaming anyone directly and not at the expense of compromising anyone else’s needs

Best Technique: Win-Win

• It avoids both sides feeling like they’ve "lost" something

• Encourages creative problem-solving by “thinking outside the box”

• Focuses on meeting the needs of both parties at the same time

• Builds stronger relationships because no one is left feeling unheard or shortchanged

• More sustainable — people are more likely to stick to solutions they helped create

What is an “Imessage''?

A person effectively uses an “I” message when they communicate their emotions, identifies the situation that is causing these feelings, and proposes a solution. Without blaming anyone directly and not at the expense of compromising anyone else’s needs

Define time management. 

Time management is a person’s ability to effectively allocate their time and resources in order to achieve personal objectives.

What strategies can be used to improve time management? 

• Plan and Prioritize

• Prepare to do lists

• Draw up a schedule

• Follow the “80/20” rule

• Plan some “downtime”

• Identify your optimal working time

• Minimize distractions

• Delegate responsibilities to others

• Don’t procrastinate

Work Group

• Interacts to share information

• Decisions help each member perform within own area

• Does not engage in collective work that requires everyone’s participation

• Performance is the sum of each member’s contribution

Work Team

• Individuals with complementary skills working towards a common result

• Positive synergy: group’s performance > sum of individual inputs

• Leader = project manager

• Takes full advantage of each member’s strengths

 five stage model of group development

1. forming

2. storming

3. norming

4. performing

5. adjourning

Forming

• Group members have just been introduced

• Familiarizing themselves

• “Testing the waters”

Stroming 

• Acceptance of the existence of the group but resistance of the constraints

• Conflict over who will lead

• Completion: hierarchy of team leadership

• Some groups never completely emerge

Norming

• Development of close relationships, cohesiveness, and cooperation

• Increased organization

• Development of norms: acceptable standards of behaviour, goals, or values

• Completion: solid group structure

Performing

• Significant task progress being accomplished

• Coming together well to perform individual functions

• Team structure completely functional and acceptable

Adjourning

• Assigned task completed

• Wrapping up activities replace task performance

• Members: happy the job has been completed

What does adjourning mean? Provide an example.  

• Definition: Assigned task completed, Wrapping up activities replace task performance, Members: happy the job has been completed

• Ex: A school group project ends, and students celebrate finishing their presentation together.

How does group size affect decision making? 

Effect of size varies on the purpose and goals.m 

• Smaller Groups: Make decisions quickly, less discussion

• Larger Groups: Bring forth more opinions, take longer to arrive at a decision.

What is a heterogeneous group? What are the advantages toward this type of group?  

Heterogenous Group: Composed of dissimilar individuals

Advantages

• Promotes group conflict

• More likely to have diverse information and abilities

• Improved decision making and task completion

Developing organization trust is a key component to success. Explain how this can be done? What factors must be considered.  

• Organization trust: means group members trust each other it is fragile takes time to build, easy to destroy, hard to regain.

• Factors: Integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty, openness.

integrity

refers to the quality of being honest, having strong moral principles, and being consistent in actions, values and behaviours

What is groupthink? How can this lead to problems?

Groupthink: Desire for consensus overrides the best possible viewpoint for solving the problem

How it leads to problems: Leads to poor decision making (pressuring of hesitant members, those who question the group’s opinion remains silent and the silence is interpreted as a yes)