ap hug flash cards

reference map

reference map

A map type that shows reference information for a particular place

thematic map

a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area

formal region

An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

perceptual region

a region defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objective data

absolute distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length

absolute direction

Based on the cardinal points of North

relative distance

Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question

relative direction

Directions such as left

Clustering

pattern of distribution where people/ things are in one small area.

dispersal

Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin.

Elevation

The height of land above sea level

map projection

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

Map Distortion

all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-dimensional surface onto a 2-dimensional surface in area

GIS

Geographic Information System

satellite navigations

use of satellites to determine a location

remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

field observations

A method where you observe people in 'real' locations and situations

Media reports

In general

travel narratives

records of the places

policy documents

communicate organizational policies and procedures

personal interviews

direct

Landscape Analysis

The process of describing and interpreting the landscape ecology of an area.

Photographic Interpretation

The act of examining photographic images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance

census data

systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

satellite imagery

Images generated at intervals from satellites orbiting the Earth. Can show visible

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

space

The physical gap or interval between two objects

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.

Flows

a pattern of migration in which migrants move back and forth between two or a small number of places

Distance Decay

decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

time-space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.

natural resources

Materials or substances such as minerals

land use

Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural

environmental determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.

environmental Possibilism

the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations

Local

regional

Climate

landforms

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

market

a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service

demographic

related to population balance

fertility

The production of offspring within a population

mortality rate

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

population doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double

calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.

Malthus/Malthusian Theory

states that populations grow at a geometric rate

Pronatalist

a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing

antinatalist

Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)

social values

the deeply rooted system of principles that guide individuals in their everyday choices and interactions

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

birth rates

the number of births in a year for every 1

death rates

the number of deaths in a year for every 1

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move

push factors

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

pull factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

Intervening Opportunities

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

intervening obstacles

Any forces or factors that may limit human migration.

forced migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race

internally displaced persons

people forced to leave their homes but who settle in another part of their own country

asylum seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

voluntary migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

transnational

extending or operating across national boundaries

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

culture

the enduring behaviors

culture trait

A single element of normal practice in a culture

architecture

the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Ethnocentrist (Ethnocentrism)

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

linguistic

having to do with the structure of language

sequent occupancy

the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history

traditional architecture

traditional building styles of different cultures

postmodern architecture

A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older

ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

ethnic neighborhood

a neighborhood

indigenous community

people who are the original inhabitants of a country

sense of place

State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character.

Placemaking

the process of creating a comfortable personal environment that reflects the values

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid