Bio midterm

pH of 0-6.9 is

acidic

Atoms are the

basic unit of matter

pH of 7.1-14 is

basic

biochemistry is the study of

elements and compounds in living organisms

pH stands for

percent hydrogen

carbohydrates are always

ring shaped

protons are

positively charged

electrons are

negatively charged

monomer

a single subunit / basic unit of a compound

an element is the

most basic form of any pure material

a compound is a

combination of two or more different elements

H2O is a

compound

nucleotide is the monomer to

nucleic acid

hydrogen (H) is a

element

Polymer

a chain of 3 (or more) monomers

macronutrients

nutrients needed in large quantities in the body

pH of 7.0 is

neutral

What are some of the major macronutrients

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

micronutrients

nutrients needed in small quantities in the body

what must a compound contain to be considered organic?

Hydrogen and Carbon (bioCHemistry)

neutrons are

neutrally charged

carbohydrate is a

organic compound

3 fatty acids + glycerol is the monomer to

lipids

nucleic acid is a

organic compound

amino acids are a

monomer

protein is the compound to

amino acids

monosaccharide is the monomer to

carbohydrates

proteins always have

carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O) nitrogen (N)

what are proteins used for?

enzymes, hormones, cell receptors, antibodies, muscles, and body structure

carbohydrates are used for

primary energy source, cell walls (plant cells), starch, chitin (exoskeleton)

lipids have

a long chain of glycerol (E shaped)

Nucleic acids only have

2 DNA and RNA

uses of nucleic acids

controls traits protein production

dehydration synthesis

to join molecules together by removing the water

removing water makes a molecule

complex

hydrolysis

to add water to spilt a molecule apart

adding water to a molecule makes it

simple

catalyst is a chemical that

speeds up chemical reactions without being changed by the reaction

enzymes are

protein catalysts

can enzymes be reused

yes

what do enzymes do to molecules

break apart and put together molecules

most enzymes end in

ase

substrate is

the molecule that a enzyme if working on

product is

the molocule(s) created by an enzyme

denaturing enzymes

when extreme conditions cause the enzyme to change shape

what changes shape when an enzyme denatures

the active site

why is it a problem that the active site changes shape

the nutrients will no longer fit

what happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too hot

it denatures

what happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too cold

it slows down

what is the ideal temperature for enzymes

room temperature

what is the ideal pH for enzymes

neutral

what happens to an enzyme when the pH is too basic

it denatures

what happens to an enzyme when the pH is too acidic

it denatures

Robert Hooke

-First to describe cells

-viewed thin slices of cork and compared them to cells in a monastery

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

-Observed cell organisms

-"Little animalcules"

-First to observe a red blood cell and a sperm cell

Robert Brown

Named the nucleus

A compound light microscope

A.) Two lenses (ocular and objective)

B.) Specimen must be transparent

Ocular

-The eye piece

-Magnifies the image

Body Tube

Holds the lenses

Nosepiece

rotates the objectives/lenses

Stage

The platform for the slide

Stage Clips

holds slide into place

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

Mirror/light source

lights the specimen so its easier to observe (Mirror reverses the image of the specimen)

Arm

Used to carry the microscope

Base

Supports the microscope

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Used for preliminary focusing NEVER used on high power

Fine Adjustment Knob

used to focus on high power, and to fine tune low power

High power objective has a magnification of 10

This objective has a magnification of 100x

(this is the max magnification)

Low power objective

This objective has a magnification of 10x

(Minimum magnification)

(Scanning objective - has a magnification of 4x)

Magnification power is equal to

the product of the ocular lens times the objective

resolution

Ability to distinguish between two objects very close together

what limits the resolving power of the light microscope?

The properties of light

electron microscope

uses a beam of electrons instead of light to get a greater resolution and magnification

Dissecting microscope

used for viewing opaque specimens

provides a 3-D view

does not reverse the image

Phase Contrast Microscope

provides contrast without stains

ultracentrifuge

separates organelles by spinning them in a test tube

denser parts sink to the bottom of the test tube

The cell is

the basic unit of life

The cell theory

All organisms are made up of one or more cells These cells working individually, or together in tissues or organs, preform all life functions

-All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Exceptions to the cell theory

The first cell could not have come from a pre-existing cell Viruses, which are NOT cells have hereditary material and can reproduce Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA and can reproduce

prokaryote

-Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

-Few internal structures

-one celled organisms (like bacteria)

-look like tampons

eukaryote

-Contain organelles surrounded by membranes

-most living organisms

Cell organelles

Organelles are small specialized structures that carry out life functions within cells

Plasma cell membrane

-regulates the movement of materials into or out of the cells