Social Studies 20-1 Unit 2

What is nationalism?

Pride, loyalty, and devotion to one’s nation while still respecting others.

What is ultranationalism?

Extreme nationalism that places one nation above all others and often leads to racism, expansionism, and violence.

Which countries showed ultranationalism before WWII?

Germany, Italy, Japan (and USSR in some ways).

What is a scapegoat in ultranationalism?

Blaming a group for a country’s problems to justify extreme policies.

What is foreign policy?

A country’s strategy for dealing with other nations to protect national interests.

What is isolationism?

Avoiding international involvement (e.g., U.S. before 1941).

What is appeasement?

Giving in to an aggressor to maintain peace (e.g., Munich Agreement 1938).

What is expansionism?

A country extending territory or influence (e.g., Germany invading neighbors).

What is collective security?

Countries working together to maintain peace (League of Nations, United Nations).

What does M.A.N.I.A stand for?

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination.

Why were the Balkans important?

Nationalistic tensions; “powder keg” of Europe; where Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

He was the archduke of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand; triggered WWI by activating alliances.

Industrialization & Mechanized Warfare

New deadly tech like machine guns, tanks, poison gas, airplanes, artillery, and U-boats made WWI extremely deadly.

The Balkans

A “tinderbox” with unclear borders, declining Ottoman Empire, and competition between Austria and Russia.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s failed plan to quickly defeat France via Belgium before fighting Russia; led to trench warfare.

Allies WWI

Great Britain, France, Russia, later USA and Italy.

Central Powers WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Ypres

First major Canadian battle; first use of chlorine gas; Canadians held the line and gained international respect.

Battle of Vimy Ridge

All Canadian divisions fought together; used innovative tactics; major victory and turning point for Canadian identity.

Battle of the Somme

Huge casualties (57,000 British day one), little gain, showed failure of old tactics vs modern weapons.

Battle of Passchendaele

Horrible mud conditions; Canadians succeeded after others failed; 15,000 Canadian casualties.

Home Front (WWI & WWII)

Total war: rationing, victory bonds, women working, propaganda, full national mobilization.

Conscription Crisis

WWI: forced conscription caused English/French division. WWII: plebiscite “conscription if necessary,” still controversial.

Treaty of Versailles

Big 4 punished Germany with war guilt, reparations, lost territory, and limited military.

Role of Women

Worked in men’s jobs, munitions factories, clerical roles, raised funds, served as nurses; faced strict enlistment rules.

Ultranationalist Nations

Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), USSR (Stalin), Japan (militarism).

Weimar Republic

Weak German government after WWI; economic crisis and humiliation helped Nazis rise to power.

Germany Invades Poland

September 1, 1939 — event that started WWII.

Non-Aggression Pact

Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other and secretly divided Poland; Hitler broke it in 1941.

Isolationism (USA)

USA avoided involvement in conflicts; entered WWI in 1917 and WWII after Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked U.S. naval base; brought the U.S. into WWII.

Internment Camps

Canada imprisoned “enemy aliens” (Ukrainians WWI, Japanese Canadians WWII); rights were overridden by national security.

Normandy Landings

Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France; Canada stormed Juno Beach.

Allies WWII

Britain, USA, USSR, Canada, France, China.

Axis WWII

Germany, Italy, Japan.

War Measures Act

Gave Canadian government emergency powers—censorship, internment, economic control.

Propaganda

Media used to influence public opinion, encourage enlistment, and demonize enemies.

Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki

U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945; ended WWII but highly controversial.

Crimes Against Humanity

Systematic attacks on civilians such as genocide.

Holocaust

State-sponsored genocide of 6 million Jews and millions of others; fueled by Nazi scapegoating.

Nuremberg Trials

Put Nazi leaders on trial; created international laws against genocide and led to UN Genocide Convention.

Foreign Policy

A country’s strategy for interacting with other nations to protect its interests and respond to global events.

Appeasement

Giving in to an aggressor’s demands to avoid conflict.

Isolation

Staying out of foreign conflicts and avoiding alliances.

Expansionism

Expanding a country's territory or influence through force, colonization, or political pressure.