NS 1410-001 EXAM 3 REVIEW

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical and physical processes by which the body breaks down and builds up molecules.

Anabolism

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.

Catabolism

The breakdown, or degradation of larger molecules to smaller molecules.

Hydrolysis

A catabolic process by which a large, chemically complex compound is broken apart with the addition of water.

Condensation

An anabolic process by which smaller, chemically simple compounds are joined, and a molecule of water is released.

Oxidation

Electrons are removed by oxygen.

Reduction

Gains electrons (becomes more negative).

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A high energy compound made up of purine adenine, the simple sugar ribose, and three phosphate units; used by cells as a source of metabolic energy.

Phosphorylation

The addition of one or more phosphate to a chemical compound.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, occurs anaerobically in the cytosol, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP.

Cori Cycle

An anaerobic production of lactate from pyruvate, released by the muscle, and converted back to glucose when oxygen becomes available.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, primarily from glucogenic amino acids and triglycerides.

TCA Cycle

A series of eight metabolic reactions in the mitochondria that metabolizes acetyl CoA for the production of CO2, high energy GTP, and reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of metabolic reactions that transport electrons from NADH or FADH2 through a series of carriers, resulting in ATP production.

Lipolysis

The catabolism of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.

Beta-oxidation

A series of metabolic reactions that oxidize free fatty acids, leading to water, CO2, and ATP.

Lipogenesis

The synthesis of free fatty acids from nonlipid sources.

Ketone Synthesis

Producing ketone bodies from fatty acids in the liver.

Protein Deamination

The removal of the amine group NH2, resulting in ammonia and a carbon skeleton.

Anaerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that occurs without oxygen, includes glycolysis and the Cori cycle.

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolism that occurs with oxygen, includes TCA cycle and electron transport chain.

Anabolic Hormones

Hormones that promote anabolism, primarily insulin.

Catabolic Hormones

Hormones that promote catabolism, including glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol.

Moderate Alcohol Intake

Defined as 2 drinks for men and 1 drink for women, with specific volume definitions for each drink type.

Binge Drinking

Defined as 5+ drinks for men and 4+ drinks for women in one occasion.

Alcohol Metabolism Rate

The liver metabolizes alcohol at a rate of 0.5 oz per hour.

Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and need to be taken in frequent doses.

Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that require a protein or lipid carrier for transport and can accumulate in the liver or adipose tissue.

Enrichment Act of 1941

Mandate for the enrichment of refined grains with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron.

Thiamin Deficiency Disease

Beriberi, resulting in fast heart rate, swelling of legs and more.

Niacin Toxicity Symptoms

Symptoms from supplements can include niacin flush, excessive sweating, and liver damage.

Iodine Deficiency Effects

Can lead to hypothyroidism and cretinism, affecting development and metabolism.