unit 2 - cell structure and function

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plasma membrane

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96 Terms

1

plasma membrane

double layered structure with phospholipids and proteins

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2

semi permeable

only small, hydrophobic molecules like O2 and CO2 can pass through without help

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3

integral proteins

firmly bound to plasma membrane

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4

transmembrane proteins

intregral proteins that extend all the way through the membrane

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5

fluid mosaic model

each layer of phospholipids is flexible

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6

adhesion proteins

form junctions between adjacent cells

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7

receptor proteins (hormones)

docking sites for things that arrive at the cell

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8

transport proteins

make pumps to actively transport solutes across the membrane with ATP

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9

channel proteins

make channels that selectively allow for the passage of certain ions/molecules

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10

cell-surface markers (glycoproteins)

exposed on surface -- cell recognition and adhesion

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11

carb side chains

on the surface of some proteins; stabilize fluidity of membranes in animal cells (cholesterol)

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12

nucleus

directs what happens in the cell and is responsible for the cell’s reproduction ability

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13

what is the largest organelle

nucleus

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14

chromosomes

what DNA is organized into

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15

nucleolus

where rRNA is made and where ribosomes are assembled

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16

ribosomes

carry out protein synthesis

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17

what are ribosomes made out of?

rRNA and protiens

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18

where are ribosomes located?

free floating in the cell or attached to the ER

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19

rough endoplasmic reticulum

proteins made here are trafficked to/across membrane, used to build golgi bodies. lysosomes, or ER, compartmentalize

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20

where is the rough endoplasmic reticulum located?

attached to nucleus and has ribosomes attached

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21

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids, hormones, steroids, detoxification of waste

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22

golgi bodies

helps process pollutants by modifying/processing/sorting products after RER synthesizes them; packaging/distribution for stuff meant to be discarded from the cell; produce lysosomes

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23

vesicles

carry products to the plasma membrane

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24

mitochondria

convert energy from organic molecules into energy for the cell (ATP)

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25

where does most ATP production happen?

cristae

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26

lysosomes

have digestive enzymes to break down unwanted/dead/old stuff in the cell, intracellular digestion

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27

hydrolytic enzymes

found inside lysosomes; only work at a certain pH -- essential during apoptosis

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28

centrioles

make microtubules to pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division

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29

vacuoles

fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, pigments

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30

peroxisomes

detoxify stuff to make H2O2 via enzymes

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31

what makes up the cytoskeleton

microtubules and microfilaments

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32

microtubules

made up of protein tubulin; help control cellular division and movement

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33

microfilaments

help with movement; made from protein actin that can be joined together and broken down to help microfilaments grow and shrink

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34

cilia and flagella

help with movement in single-celled organisms

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35

cellulose

makes up cell wall

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36

what are cell walls found in

plant cells, protists, fungi, bacteria

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37

chloroplasts

have chlorophyll and make plants green :)

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38

central vacuole

large vacuole that takes up much of a plant’s cytoplasm

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39

what does a full vacuole indicate about a plant?

it’s not dehydrated

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40

what does a not full vacuole indicate about a plant?

it’s dehydrated

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41

what charge of things can cross the lipid bilayer

hydrophobic

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42

facilitated transport

uses protein channels as tunnels through membranes

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43

aquaporins

a type of facilitated diffusion for water; water can’t cross without it

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44

passive transport/diffusion

high → concentration

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45

simple diffusion

small, polar molecules can go right through without assistance

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46

facilitated diffusion

when assistance from a channel-type protein is required

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47

passive trasnport

when soemthing is moving by diffusion; no energy needed

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48

osmosis

when the molecule that’s diffusing is water

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49

what happens if a cell membrane loses H2O in a plant cell?

shrinks away from the wall

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50

what happens if a cell membrane takes in H2O in a plant cell?

expands and goes against it

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51

hypertonic

more dissolved solutes/less solvent

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52

hypotonic

fewer dissolved solutes/more solvent

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53

water potential

measures potential energy in water; how much potential it has to diffuse -- how eager it is to go from low to high

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54

in what direction does water potential go?

high to low ALWAYS.

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55

what is water potential affected by

pressure potential and solute potential

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56

how does adding a solute affect water potential?

water potential is lowered; water is less likely to leave the solution and more likely to enter

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57

active transport

movement against natural flow (low → high)

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58

sodium-potassium pump

pushes out 3 Na+ ions and brings in 2 K+ ions across the membrane

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59

secondary active transport

something is actively transported using energy from movement of another substance going down its concentration gradient

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60

endocytosis

when larger pieces want to enter the cell, a piece of the membrane engulfs it, forms a pocket, and makes a vacuole/vesicle

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61

pinocytosis

cell ingests liquids

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62

phagocytosis

cell igests solids

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63

receptor mediated endocytosis

when a ligand bonds to a receptor, it’s brought into the cell by folding in the membrane, making a vesicle around the ligand

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64

bulk flow

fluids moving in one direction due to pressure

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65

exocytosis

large particles transported out of the cell

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66

why are cells small?

moving things in and out is harder the larger the cell

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67

what leads to a more efficient cell?

a higher ratio of SA:V (12/1 is higher than 6/1)

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68

what happens as cells increase in volume?

relative SA decreases and the demand for internal resources increases → more complex structures needed to sustain the cell

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69

when do phospholipids form a bi-layer in an aqueous environment?

spontaneously

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70

embedded proteins

hydrophilic or hydrophobic, loosely bound to membrane surface

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71

what happens when embedded proteins are hydrophilic?

charged and polar side groups

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72

what are the purposes of embedded proteins?

transport, cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, attachment for extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton

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73

how is cholesterol distributed in the bilayer?

randomly between phospholipids

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74

what does cholesterol do for the bilayer?

regulates fluidity under different environmental conditions

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75

plasmodesmata

small holes between plant cells that allows the transfer of nutrients, waste, plants

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76

what complex carbs do plants have?

cellulose

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77

what complex carb do fungi have?

chitin

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78

what complex carb do prokaryotes have>

peptidoglycan

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79

what does exocytosis require energy for?

to move large molecules out of the cell

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80

what does active transport do?

establishes and maintains concentration gradients

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81

cotransport

uses energy from an electrochemical gradient to transport two different ions across the membrane through a protein

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82

symport

two different ions are transported in the same direction

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83

antiport

two different ions are transported in opposite directions

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84

electrochemical gradient

relies on an electrochemiccal difference across a membrane (membrane potential)

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85

osmolarity

total solute concentration in a solution

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86

solute

substance being dissolved

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87

solvent

a substance that dissolves

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88

how are water concentration and solute concentration related?

inversely

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89

environmental hypertonicity

less cellular solute and more cellular water (water leaves); plasmolysis

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90

environmental hypotonicity

more cellular solute and less cellular water (water enters); turgid

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91

what does osmoregulation allow for in animal cells

maintains water balance and allows control of internal solute composition/water potential

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92

what do plasma membranes allow cells to do

establish and maintain different internal and external envrionments

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93

what do cellular compartments allow for

various metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions to occur simultaneously, increasing cell efficiency

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94

what do prokaryotic cells have in terms of compartmentalization

internal region, nucleoid region with genetic material

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95

what do eukaryotic cells have in terms of compartmentalization

additional inner membranes and membrane bound orgnalles

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96

endosymbiosis

a free living anaerobic prokaryote was engulfed and didn’t get digested → over time, lost some functionality and became mitochondria

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