Art 431 Exam 2

Dome, Florence Cathedral

Brunelleschi

1430s

Hospital of the Innocents

Brunelleschi

1420s

Saint George

Donatello

1416

Saint George, bottom relief detail

Donatello

1416

Depicts a woman witnessing Saint George slaying the dragon.

Stiacciatto technique (deep relief in foreground, shallow relief in background to show depth)

Trinity

Masaccio

1425

Momento Mori on the bottom

use of linear perspective

Expulsion of Adam and Eve

Masaccio

1425

Tribute Money

Masaccio

1425

How did painting in Florence change after Masaccio?

After Masaccio, paintings became more realistic and focused on the emotions of those depicted. The introduction of linear perspective also heightened artworks following Masaccio.

Why did patrons include their likeness in commissioned works?

Patrons included themselves in commissioned paintings to showcase their wealth, power, and status, as well as to assert social influence.

How did Lorenzo use his authority?

Lorenzo de Medici, also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, used his authority to maintain political stability and promote the Arts in Florence. He fostered a cultural golden age through his diplomatic skills and patronage of great artists like Michelangelo and Botticelli.

Who was Savonarola? How did his influence impact Florentine art and culture? How was his

relationship with Lorenzo?

Girolamo Savonarola was a Dominican friar and preacher. He became the defacto ruler of Florence from 1494 to 1498. He called for the destruction of secular art and culture, desiring works thought of as sinful to be burned. This happened during the "Bonfire of the Vanities". Savonarola was a critic of Lorenzo and his rule.

Who was Isabella d'Este?

A prominent Italian noblewoman and a significant patron of the arts. Known as the First Lady of the Renaissance.

What is a memento mori?

It translates to "remember you must die", and serves as a reminder of mortality and the fleeting reality of life.

What controversy surrounded the Brancacci Chapel frescoes?

The controversy surrounding the Brancacci Chapel frescoes primarily involved the exile of the patron Felice Brancacci, which halted the completion of the frescoes and led to the removal of some of Masaccio's works due to their portrayal of the Brancacci family.

Arnolfini Portrait

Jan van Eyck

Oil on oak panel

Netherlandish painting

How did the Renaissance differ in the Netherlands from Italy?

The renaissance in the Netherlands focused more heavily on daily life and a pious life, where as the Italian renaissance focused on classical themes and the wealthy elite. The Netherlands renaissance is closely tied to Protestant beliefs, and the Italian renaissance is associated with Catholicism.

Identify and understand the symbolism in the Arnolfini portrait as discussed in class:

One candle is lit to symbolize God's presence in the room.

They aren't wearing shoes as they are on holy ground.

Oranges symbolize fertility.

Carved figure of Saint Margaret, patron saint of pregnancy.

Mirror with themes of the passion of Christ. Reflects the painter inside the mirror.

Wedding inside the bedroom, as is traditional in the Netherlands.

David

Donatello

made for the Medici family

symbolizes both Florence and the Medici family

Homosexual overtones

Gattamelata

Donatello

Condottiere - Captain of Mercenary Army

First Renaissance Equestrian statue

Possibly influenced by Marcus Aurelius Statue

East Doors Florence baptistery

Ghiberti

"Gates of Paradise" name given by Michelangelo

East Doors Florence baptistery - Jacob and Esau

Ghiberti

We see God in this panel.

Three graces included to give the artist a chance to show off his mastery of the human form.

Includes architecture and scale. Architecture used to separate the different scenes in the story.

Jacob is jealous of his older brother Esau, and works with their mother Rebecca to fool their father Abraham into blessing him over Esau to inherit as first born.

Medici Palace

Michelozzo

Austere exterior due to sumptuary laws forbidding ostentatious displays of wealthy.

Place of business, home, and headquarters of company.

Made of limestone.

Rustication: Contrast in texture from rough to smooth.

Garden inside building, open doors to the public expose the garden.

About the length of one city block.

What is a condottiere?

a mercenary soldier

What is rustication?

A masonry technique that emphasizes the contrast between smooth and rough stonework, used to give weight to buildings by having rough stone surfaces on the bottom and smoother blocks on the top layers of a building.

What are sumptuary laws?

Laws that restrict excessive spending on luxury goods, as well as excessive displays of wealth. Used to prevent extravagance and excessive displays of wealth.

What method did Donatello use to cast his statue of David?

The lost wax method

Battista Sforza and Federico da Montefeltro

Piero della Francesca

Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro and His Son Guidobaldo

Justus of Ghent and

Pedro Berruguete

Mary Magdalen

Donatello

Wood carving with gold gilding

David

Verrocchio

Colleoni

Verrocchio

View of Medici Chapel

Benozzo Gozzoli

Procession of the Magi

Benozzo Gozzoli

1459

fresco

Primavera

Botticelli

1482

tempera on panel

Uffizi Gallery, Florence

commissioned by Medici

Birth of Venus

Botticelli

1486

tempera on canvas

Uffizi Museum, Florence

Why did artists begin to paint their portraits in commissioned works?

To express individuality and showcase their artistic abilities. It was also used as a type of signature.

Why did Botticelli destroy some of his works? At what event did this destruction happen?

Botticelli destroyed some of his works due to the influence of Girolamo Savonarola, who preached against the moral decay of society and condemned secular art.

What is the "amici delle amici" (friends of friends) system?

A patronage system used by the Medici family, where individuals were personally loyal to the family in exchange for support and protection. Similar to how the Mafia works.

How did the High Renaissance change the role of the artist? The role of the patron?

Elevated the status of artists to a place of high respect, making them valued and sought after. This also led to competition between artists for the biggest patron. Patrons played a crucial role by commissioning art, but the artists began to have more power in what they would create and how it would be portrayed.

Why did rivalries between artists become fierce during the High Renaissance?

Rivalries between artists during the High Renaissance became fierce due to intense competition for commissions and recognition, as artists sought to establish their dominance in a period marked by significant artistic innovation and cultural transformation.

Which city became the artistic center of the High Renaissance after Florence?

Rome became the artistic center after Florence.

Whose patronage was instrumental in this new city?

Pope Leo X