Rad Bio Final

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200 Terms

1
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X-rays are monoenergetic
False
2
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Which of the following interactions between x-ray photons with matter involve a matter-antimatter annihilation reaction
Pair production
3
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What is the maximum period of time a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) may be worn as a personal device
3 months
4
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The digital ionization dosimeter provides an instant read-out of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such a (an)
universal serial bus (USB)
5
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Which of the following is the SI unit of electric current
Ampere
6
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Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms
Solar and galactic
7
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Carbon has an atomic number of 6. One of its isotopes has a mass of 14. The number of neutrons in this isotope is
8
8
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What is the maximum number of electrons in the M shell
18
9
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Which of the following describes the highest point of wave
crest
10
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Although coherent scattering is most likely to occur _____, some of this unmodified scattering occurs throughout the diagnostic range and may result in small amounts of radiographic fog
at less than 10 keV
11
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Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses
1. Crawl spaces under living areas
2. Floor drains and sump pumps
3. Porous cement block foundations
1, 2, and 3
12
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In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with
shorter wavelengths and higher energies
13
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What is the unit of mass
Kg
14
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The nucleus of the atom contains
protons and neutrons
15
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Which of the following is a form of radiation that is capable of creating electrically charged particles by removing orbital electrons from the atom of normal matter through which it passes
ionizing radiation
16
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the optically stimulated dosimeter
Exposure not determinable on the day of occurrence without an in-house reader
17
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Which of the following electron shells has the highest binding energy
K
18
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Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation
1. Microwaves
2. Visible light
3. X-rays
4. Gamma rays
5. Ultraviolet radiation
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
19
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Annihilation radiation is used in which of the following modalities
Positron emission tomography
20
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Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure
1. Effective dose and equivalent dose
2. Exposure and effective dose
3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
1 only
21
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Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Of what are these filters made of
Aluminum, tin, and copper
22
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X-rays are carriers of
manmade electromagnetic energy
23
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The atomic number is calculated by determining the number of
protons
24
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Which of the following interactions results in the conversion of matter into energy
annihilation reaction
25
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When discussing the EM spectrum, which type of radiation has the greatest velocity:
1. Gamma
2. X-rays
3. Heat
None of these
26
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What do radiation weighting factors take into consideration?
1. The overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation
2. Both the internal and external dose measurements
3. The fact that some types of radiation are more efficient at causing biologic damage than other types of radiation for a given dose
3 only
27
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When interacting with another element, Neon loses a neutron. What can it be described as now
an isotope
28
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Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as
wave-particle duality
29
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Which of the following units of measure are not SI units
1. Roentgens
2. Coulombs per kilogram, grays, sieverts
3. Rads and rems
1 and 3 only
30
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The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter is "read out" by using a (an)
laser light at selected frequencies
31
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Because of the OSL dosimeter's sensitivity down to as low as for x-ray and gamma ray photons in the energy range 5 keV to 40 MeV, it is an excellent and practical monitoring device for
employees working in low-radiation environments and for pregnant workers
32
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Which of the following instruments is called a cutie pie
Ionization chamber-type survey meter
33
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Which of the waves has the highest/most energy?
Which of the waves has the highest/most energy?
C
34
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How is dose area product usually specified
In units of mGycm^2
35
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When changing employment, what must a radiation worker convey to his/her new employer
Data pertinent to accumulated permanent equivalent dose to be placed on file
36
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Photon wavelength is
inversely proportional to photon frequency
37
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During what phase of mitosis are the centromeres severed followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and are then subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
38
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If the thyroid receives an absorbed dose of 0.3 Gy from an exposure to gamma radiation, what is the effective dose in Sv
.015 Sv
39
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Which of the following are by-products of photoelectric absorption
Photoelectron and characteristic photon
40
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Which of the following are advantages of the personnel digital ionization dosimeter
1. Instant access to reports
2. No waiting time for mailing dosimeters
3. Lightweight and durable
4. Can be dropped or scratched with little chance of harm to the device
1, 2, 3, and 4
41
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The x-ray photon energy required to initiate pair production is
1.022 MeV
42
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What do optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters, thermoluminescent dosimeters, pocket ionization chambers, and digital ionization dosimeters have in common
These devices are all used for personnel monitoring
43
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How many electrons are noted in this atom
How many electrons are noted in this atom
8
44
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Whenever the letter "M" appears under the current monitoring period or in the cumulative columns of a personnel monitoring report, it signifies that a (an)
Equivalent dose below the minimum measurable radiation quantity was recorded during that time
45
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The symbol Z indicates
Atomic number of an atom
46
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Which of the following results in all-directional scatter
Compton interaction
47
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Which component(s) of the Geiger-Muller survey meter alerts the operator to the presence of ionizing radiation
An audio amplifier and speaker
48
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Photon energy and photon frequency are
directly proportional
49
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Which of the following instruments generally has a check source of a weak, long-lived radioisotope located on one side of its external surface to verify its constancy daily
Geiger-Muller survey meter
50
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Particles associated with electromagnetic radiation that have neither mass nor electric charge are
x-ray photons
51
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The electron orbital shell that is known to be closest to the nucleus is the
K shell
52
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In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of enegy
as large as or larger than the amount of energy that holds the electron in its orbit
53
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Which of the following is not a type of interaction between x-radiation and biologic matter
Bremsstrahlung
54
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement that radiation survey instruments must meet
They must all be equally sensitive in the detection of ionizing radiation
55
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Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (Wr) that is numerically equal to
20
56
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What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose
Millisievert
57
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If an atom is considered stable this means
It contains equal numbers of protons and electrons
58
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Which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector
Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
59
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Three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter. These filters are respectively made of
1. Aluminum
2. Copper
3. Molybdenum
4. Rhenium Tungsten
5. Tin
1, 2, and 5 only
60
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What is the tissue weighting factor for breast
.05
61
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Which of the following terms refers to the radiation that occurs when an electron spontaneously drops down from an outer shell of an ionized atom to fill a vacancy in an inner shell of that atom
Characteristic photon, or characteristic x-ray
62
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What unit is used to measure radiation exposure in the metric International System of Units
Coulomb per kilogram
63
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During the process of coherent scattering, an incident low-energy x-ray photon interacts with
an atom and may transfer its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to momentarily vibrate and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
64
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Which of the following formulas is used to calculate effective dose:
1. EfD = (D x Wr)1 + (D x Wr)2 + (D x Wr)3
2. EfD = D x Wr x Wt
3. EfD = D / Wr x Wt
2 only
65
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During which of the following subphases of mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle
Prophase
66
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The x-ray tube consists of a (an) _____ and a (an) _____
Anode and cathode
67
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Which side of the tube is considered the "negative" side

Cathode
68
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What does the "cathode" side of the tube do
Produce a thermionic cloud, conduct the high voltage to the gap between cathode and anode, and focus the electron stream as it heads for the anode
69
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What does the cathode assembly consist of
Filament(s), focusing cup, and associated wiring
70
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Why is tungsten the metal of choice with regards to the filament
High melting point and difficult to vaporize
71
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How many filaments does an x-ray tube have
1 or 2
72
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What is the purpose of the focusing cup
Houses filament and narrows thermionic cloud as it is driven toward anode
73
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What is the focusing cup made from
Nickel
74
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As more and more electrons build up, what is their tendency to do
The negative charges begin to oppose the emission of additional electrons; electrons tend to diverge, not travel in straight lines
75
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What is the name of the phenomenon of electrons not traveling in straight lines because of negative charges opposing emission of more electrons
Space charge effect
76
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Which side of the tube is considered "positive"
Anode
77
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What does the anode assembly consist of
Anode, stator, and rotor
78
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What are some of the anode functions
Serves as a target surface for electrons from filament, conducts high voltage from x-ray generator, and is primary thermal conductor
79
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Does the rotor spin for all x-ray tubes
No, only rotating anodes have a spinning rotor. Stationary tubes are low power with no spinning rotor
80
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If the rotor turns, how fast and why
7 - 50 microseconds; the faster the anode rotates, the greater the dissipation
81
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What is the target focal tract made of
Tungsten - rhenium alloy
82
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Why is tungsten the choice of metal for the target tracts
High atomic number, high melting point, and heat conducting ability
83
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What is the function of the focal spot
Area of focal tract impacted by electron beam at one time
84
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Line focus principle refers to
Reducing effective area of focal spot; permits the best resolution of detail while permitting as large an actual area as possible to increase thermal conductivity
85
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The effective focal spot is controlled by the size of the actual focal spot. What two things control this
length of filament and anode target angle
86
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Due to the anode heel effect, which side of the beam is more intense
Cathode
87
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What is the stator comprised of
Induction-motor electromagnets
88
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What does the stator do
Turn the anode
89
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Where is the stator located
Outside the vacuum of the envelope
90
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Where is the rotor located
Inside the stator and inside the envelope
91
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What is the glass envelope made of
Several different types of heat-resistant pyrex glass
92
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At what point does the primary beam exit the envelope
Window segment
93
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What is the primary function of the vacuum
Remove air to permit electrons to flow from cathode to anode without encountering the gas atoms of air
94
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What is the job of the housing around the x-ray tube
Control leakage and scatter radiation, isolate the high voltages, and provide a means to cool the tube
95
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Leakage radiation must not exceed
100 mR/hr, at 1 meter
96
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Off Focus radiation is composed of
Photons that were not produced at the focal spot
97
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Consequences of ionization in human cells include
1. Creation of atoms
2. Production of free electrons
3. Creation of highly reactive free radicals capable of producing substances poisonous to the cell
4. Creation of new biologic molecules detrimental to the living cell
5. Injury to the cell that may manifest itself as abnormal function or loss of function
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
98
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X-rays are a form of which of the following kinds of radiation
Ionizing
99
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Which of the following is a method of explaining radiation to the public
BERT
100
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Which of the following radiation quantities is intended to be the best overall measure of the biologic effects of ionizing radiation
Effective dose