Total calorie requirement equation
BMR in calories + calories spend on activity
Estimate BMR equation
weight in pounds x 10 for women or 11 for men = BMR in calories
Estimate calories according to usual activity level equation
BMR in calories x 20% sedentary, 30% light activity, 40% moderate activity, 50% high activity = calories spent on activity
Evaluate BMI equation
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
Waist circumference requirements for men and women
<40 inches in men, <35 inches in women
Waist to hip ratio (WHR) equation
waist circumference / hip circumference
What WHR indicates central obesity risk?
0.5
What is a simple advice for healthy WHR?
keep waist to less than half your height
What is a healthy BMI range
18.5-25
What is considered underweight in BMI
<18.5
What BMI range is overweight
25-30
What BMI is obese
30
Nutrient density
ratio of beneficial ingredients to food's energy content for the amount consumed
Calorie density
number of calories in an amount of food
What is the minimum amount of moderate-intensity activity per week?
2 hours 30 minutes
What are some suggestions for increasing activity levels
find something enjoyable, use buddy system, spread out activity, start slowly and slowly increase, keep activity log
Example of light activity
walking, housework
Examples of moderate physical activity
cardiorespiratory endurance exercises, jogging, walking briskly, weight training
Examples of vigorous physical activity
running, high intensity weight training, interval training
Changes on food labels
servings per container in larger bold type, serving size reflects how much is typically eaten at one time, calories are in bold, percent daily values updated, new added sugars included, vitamins, footnote better explains daily value
Functional foods
foods offering health benefits beyond nutritional value
Examples of functional foods
berries, soy foods, oats, fatty fish, green tea, nuts, citrus fruits, spinach, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage
What are symptoms of foodborne illness usually mistaken for?
flu
Examples of foodborne illnesses from least to most dangerous
campylobacter, norovirus, listeria monocytogenes, toxoplasma gondii, salmonella nontyphoidal
Ways to keep food safe
hand hygiene, do not cross contaminate, refrigeration, cook to proper temperature
Food - medication interactions (5)
calcium rich foods and antibiotics, pickled fermented foods and MAIOs, vitamin k and warfarin, alcohol and prescription stimulants, grapefruit juice and statins
Supplement - medication interactions patient education
discuss supplement use with physician, only single-supplement products should be used and in small doses, monitor for adverse effects
Positive results of GMOs
greater crop yields, greater resistance, longer shelf life, better flavor, new food varieties
Concerns about GMOs
unwanted changes in nutritional content, creation of allergens, toxic effects on bodily organs
Food irradiation or "cold pasturization"
reduces or eliminates pathogens that can cause foodborne illness
"Typical American diet"
cross-cultural food creations, convenience foods, restaurant sourced meals
Core foods
provide significant source of calories and are regularly included in the diet, typically complex carbs
Examples of core foods
rice, noodles, eggs, bread
Secondary foods
foods widely consumed but not on a daily basis, vary with availability
Examples of secondary foods
dairy, sugars, meats
Peripheral foods
eaten occasionally, typically based on individual's preferences
Examples of peripheral foods
cake, ice cream, candy
Nutrition of traditional "soul food"
high in fat, cholesterol, sodium, often breaded and fried, reserved for special occasions and holidays
Nutrition of traditional Mexican diet
low-fat, high-fiber, many complex carbohydrates and vegetable proteins, pork, goat, poultry, lactose intolerance is common
Nutrition of traditional Asian diets
rice and wheat, cooked foods, high sodium intake
Roman Catholics nutritional restrictions
no meat on ash wednesday or fridays in lent, avoid food and beverages one hour before communion, several fast days during year
Eastern Orthodox Christians nutritional restrictions
numerous feast and fast days
Mormons dietary restrictions
no coffee, tea, alcohol, or tobacco; limit meats, eat mostly grains, fast once per month
Seventh-Day Adventists nutrition restrictions
lacto-ovo vegetarians, no overeating, no coffee, tea, and alcohol; 5-6 hours between meals without snacking
Judaism diet restrictions
no kosher animals, no blood, milk and meat are never combined
Islam diet restrictions
no pork, no carnivorous animals, no birds of prey, no land animals without ears, no gelatin, no blood, no intoxicants
Hinduism diet restricitons
nonviolence as applied to foods, mostly vegetarian, no beef or alcohol
Buddhism diet restrictions
lacto-ovo vegetarians
What is the lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?
grains, fruits and vegetables, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products, and eggs
Recommended weight gain for pregnancy in BMI <18.5
28-40 lbs
Recommended weight gain for pregnancy in BMI 18.5-24.9
25-35 lbs
Recommended weight gain for pregnancy in BMI 25-29.9
15-25 lbs
Recommended weight gain for pregnancy in BMI >30
11-20 lbs
Potential nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy
folic acid, iron
Benefit of folic acid supplementation
decrease risk of neural tube defects
Recommended dose of folic acid supplements
400ÎĽg/day
Benefit of iron supplements
decreased risk of low birth weight, decreased risk of preterm delivery and perinatal mortality
Recommended dose of iron supplements
27mg/day
What are other supplements that pregnant women can be recommended?
multivitamin and mineral supplement
Nursing interventions for nausea during pregnancy
eat easily digested carbs, frequent small snacks, avoid liquids with meals, limit high-fat foods
Nursing interventions for constipation during pregnancy
increase fiber intake, increase fluid intake, hot water with lemon or prune, regular exercise
Nursing interventions for heartburn during pregnancy
Small frequent meals, eliminate liquids before and after meals, avoid coffee, high-fat, spices, lying down or bending while eating
Breastfeeding contraindications
galactosemia, illegal drug use, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, certain drugs
Benefits of breastfeeding for infant
optimum nutrition, enhances immune protection, reduce allergies, lessens risk of overfeeding, aids in development, lowers risk for obesity, reduces constipation or diarrhea
Benefits of breastfeeding for mother
strengthen bond, reduced financial cost, less preparation and cleanup, inhibits ovulation, decreases risk of postpartum depression, lowers risk of developing type 2 diabetes, breast and ovarian cancers
How is formula different from breast milk?
no antibodies in formula, nutrients are not as easily absorbed, babies gain weight more quickly, risk of overfeeding
Nutrients most likely to be deficient in children and adolescents
fiber, vitamin A, calcium, iron, potassium
Health risks related to breakfast skipping
lower intake of vitamins and minerals
Some barriers parents face against obesity prevention for their children
lack of time, belief that children will outgrow excess weight, lack of knowledge, fear they will cause eating disorders
Define "aging"
gradual, inevitable, and complex process that eventually leads to organ, tissue, and function impairments
How do calorie and nutrient requirements change with aging?
less calories, more nutrients
Why is protein, fiber, water, vitamin D, vitamin B12, calcium and iron are of concern in older adults?
higher amounts of protein is used to stimulate protein synthesis, altered sense of thirst and decreased ability to urinate increases risk of dehydration and hyponatremia, fiber protects against coronary heart disease, reduced ability to make vitamin d, low bone density means increased calcium requirements, atrophic gastritis may limit ability to digest b12
Four nutrient related concerns in older adults
obesity, alzheimer's disease, malnutrition, frailty