Plato and Aristotle: Key Concepts and Theories

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts from the lectures on Plato, Aristotle, and Athenian democracy, essential for understanding their philosophies.

Polis

A word used by Athenians meaning something like nation or nation-state.

Sophistry

A fallacious argument often used to deceive rather than find truth.

The Gadfly

A term used by Socrates to describe his role in provoking critical thought among the Athenians.

Telos

Purpose or function; the end goal that something strives to achieve.

Justice in the Republic

A central topic questioning what justice really is, explored through dialogues among characters.

Tripartite Soul

Socrates' concept that divides the soul into three parts: Reason, Spirit, and Appetites.

Ideal City

Socrates' vision of a city functioning according to justice through specialization and harmony among its classes.

Philosopher-Kings

Rulers who are also philosophers; Socrates' idea of the best form of government.

Theory of Forms

Plato's metaphysical position stating that non-material abstract forms represent the most accurate reality.

Socratic Method

A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking and illuminates ideas.

Athenian Democracy

A political system in ancient Athens that limited citizenship primarily to adult males born in Athens.

Ringleader of Justice

An individual who dominates issues of justice, representing the voice of a stronger interest in the state.

Allegory of the Cave

Plato's metaphor illustrating how philosophy helps individuals understand the true reality beyond appearances.

Metaphysics

A field of philosophy dealing with the fundamental nature of reality, including concepts such as being and existence.

Eros

A term referring to the quality of erotic love or attraction, significant in discussions of human nature in Plato's work.

Aristocracy

A form of government in which power is held by the nobility, considered by Aristotle the most just regime type.