devpsych final

what are piagets cognitive stages

sensorimotor, preoperational (symbolic representation), concrete operational, formal operational, post-formal thought (added on later)

who came up with the nativist language theory

chomsky

who came up with the learning theory for language

skinner

what are 3 parts of rothbart’s temperament model

surgency/extraversion

negative affectivity

effortful control

what are 4 stages of bowlby’s attachment

preattachment, attachment in the making, clear cut relationship, reciprocal relationship

what are the 4 types of ainsworth attachment styles

secure attachment, insecure avoidant, insecure ambivalent, disorganized

who believed that kids can learn through observation and participation

rogoff

who came up with the parenting styles

baumrind

what is sternberg’s triarchic theory for intelligence

logical, creative, and practical

what are the two main theories for intelligence

spearman’s g factor and catelli’s

what are the 2 parts of catelli’s intelligence theory

fluid and crystalized intelligence

self-efficacy

beliefs about one’s ability to accomplish certain tasks

what is social cognition

understanding others’ emotions - empathy and sympathy

what are piaget’s 3 moral stages

premoral, moral realism, moral relativism

what are kohlberg’s 3 moral levels

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

what is resilience

ability to adapt and balance back from adversity

3 aspects of adolescent egocentrism

personal fable, invincibility fable, imaginary audience

what are marcia’s 4 identity statuses

identity achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, identity diffusion

what are the 4 parts of Cross’s theory

pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization

what is poston’s model for multicultural people

initial preference of one culture over another

guilt for excluding part of identity

exploration of multiple backgrounds

integration of multiple identities

what are the 4 parenting methods

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful/uninvolved

what is arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood (5)

identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, age of possibilities

what is future orientation

ability to think about and plan for what’s ahead

what is eisenhower’s matrix for

prioritizing tasks to decrease stress

what is dialectal thinking

ability to remain practical, flexible, and open to multiple factors and solutions

what is reflective thought

logical processes involving continued evaluation of info using evidence

convergent vs. divergent thought

convergent - using a known solution to deal with a problem

divergent - creating new solutions to deal with a problem, related to creativity

exchange vs communal norms

exchange - expecting others to repay a debt ore anticipate future benefit

communal - helping others with no expectation of reciprocity

what is relativism

idea that cultural standards and values are products of time and context

what is postformal thought

stage beyond formal operation that is more flexible, complex and recognizes multiple correct answersw

self

totality of all your personal characteristics, including the way you see yourself, represent yourself, and relate to others

broader than personality or identity

social clock

cultural expectations about normative behaviors and achievements associated with age

idealized milestones

george valliant

added a career exploration stage and identified mature and immature coping mechanisms

daniel levinson

described “seasons of life” with transitional period, followed by early adult era

judy levinson

found women faced greater obstacles reconciling education, career, and family

gail sheehy

identified “tryout 20s” as provisional adulthood exploring options

rank-order stability

a person’s ranking of traits remains stable relative to others

mean-level change

the level of personality traits can flucuate over a lifespan

social investment theory

as people commit to adult roles, their personality responds with measurable change

crenshaw’s intersectionality

framework for how people simultaneously experience multiple aspects of identity

3 parts of ethnoracial identity

identity salience (importance in a situation), centrality (importance to overall self), regard (pos/neg feelings)

self-determination theory

success and wellbeing being maximized when balancing needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness

autonomous interdependence

appreciating independence while still providing support

trajectory

predicted pathway of development determined by behaviors within context

social clock has become more elongated and flexible

work life balance

arrangement allowing desired time on important activities

homogamy

preference for forming romantic relationships with those similar to us

thanatologist

research who studies biological, psychological and social aspects of death

what are the common causes of death

heart attack, stroke, COPD, covid

terror management theory

people try and preserve identity when facing death threat

social death

being viewed as no longer part of society despite being physically alive

grief

internal emotional reaction to loss

mourning

outward behavioral manifestation of grief

bereavement

experience of the death of a loved one

dual-process model

alternating between loss orientation (emotional processing) and restoration orientation (adjusting to changes)

meaning-making changes

grief as a narrative journey

stage theory

explanation for brief periods of rapid development

dynamic systems theory

interaction between environment, individual, and task

intermodal perception

integration of info from multiple senses

temperament

innate biological components of individuality present from birth

adolescent idealism

wanting to change the world, passion/equality

types of baby speech

holophrase, telegraphic speech, overextension, underextension

false beliefs task

the idea that others can hold incorrect beliefs than you

types of play

unoccupied, solitary, unlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative

self-esteem

personal evaluation of oneself

impulses

ability to control your urges and desires

types of punishment

natural, illogical, logical

2 types of play preferences

dyadic (1 on 1) and group play (3+)

prosocial behavior

when kids can identify emotions, regulate their reactions, and show concern for others who are upset

types of attention

sustained, divided, and selective

types of memory strategies

rehearsal, elaboration, and organization

executive function

higher cognitive functioning

planning and organization, working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility

theory of mind

the idea that other people may hold unique thoughts and feelings

what are 3 types of learning diabilities

dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

3 theoretical foundations for education approaches

sociocultural, constructivism, and behaviorism

3 types of teaching methods

direct instruction, discovery learning, cooperative learning

self concept

beliefs about one’s abilities, characteristics, and personality

social cognition

understanding others’ emotions

metacognition

thinking about thinking, understanding cognitive processes, self-monitoring of understanding

globalization

increasing exposure to other cultures

acculturation

processing of adapting to new cultures

post-formal thought

beyond formal operations that is more flexible, complex, and recognizes multiple correct answers

types of heuristics (4)

familiarity, scarcity, affect, availability

cognitive theory of mind

ability to draw conclusions about another person’s intentions and beliefs

affective theory of mind

ability to draw conclusions about another person’s feelings

cognitive empathy

ability to understand other people’s pov

affective empathy

ability to understand other people’s feelings

clinical vs biological death

clinical - heart/lungs stop working but can be resuscitated

biological - brain stem permanently stops working

thanologist

a profession where you study the biological, psychological, and social aspects of death

fraility

gradual decline, low functioning, steady decline

what are the 5 core principles in medical ethics

autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice