PPT 1

Gene

The functional unit that encodes a gene product, typically a protein.

Genome

The complete set of genetic information, including chromosomes and plasmids.

DNA

Forms a double-stranded helix, contains deoxyribose, uses thymine. Strands are complementary (A with T, C with G) and antiparallel.

RNA

Contains ribose, uses uracil instead of thymine, usually a single strand. Types include mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.

Gene Regulation Importance

Vital for controlling transcription and translation, affecting the levels of proteins produced. It allows cells to respond to environmental changes and conserve resources.

DNA Replication

DNA gyrase and helicases unwind DNA, primases synthesize RNA primers, and DNA polymerases synthesize in the 5' to 3' direction. Semiconservative.

Leading Strand

Synthesized continuously.

Lagging Strand

Synthesized discontinuously in Okazaki fragments.

Transcription

RNA polymerase uses sigma factors and promoters to copy DNA into RNA.

Translation

mRNA is translated into protein using ribosomes, rRNAs, and tRNAs with codons.

Transcription

Copying DNA information into RNA, controlled by RNA polymerase, sigma factors, promoters, and terminators.

Translation

Using RNA to synthesize the encoded protein, involves mRNA, ribosomes, rRNAs, tRNAs, and codons.

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Primarily at the transcriptional level and often involves operons.

Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

More complex, involving transcriptional control, RNA processing, and post-translational modifications.

Constitutive Enzyme

Continuously produced.

Inducible Enzyme

Production is induced by specific substrates.

Production is