APHG review

language

a system of communication for a group to understand eachother

language families

a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language

language branch

a collection of languages within a family

language group

collection of languages within a branch, similar vocabulary and grammar

logogram

symbols to convey words

sino-tibetan languages

mandarin, cantonese, Burmese, hakka

indo-european languages

spanish, portugese, Russian, English, Hindi, German, Italian

dialect

a regional variation of language (vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation)

isogloss

boundary between different dialects geographically

isolated language

language unrelated to any other language or family

extinct language

language that is no longer spoken

creole

a language resulting from a colonizers language and an indigenous one, can be learned as a first language

linga franca

a language of international communication

literary tradition

a language that is written and spoken

official language

the language used by the government for business and documents

pidgin

a form of simplified communication between languages for survival

standard language 

the form of a language used for official business, education, and communication

national language

unofficial de facto language

standard language

dialect most accepted in a region

superfamilies

relations between languages before recorded history

english origins

came from the angles, jutes, and Saxons from Denmark and Germany 

how was English spread

through british imperialism

what was English affected by

the Normans and vikings

how is US and British English different

dialect; spelling, pronunciation, and vocab

africa case study

isolated tribes led to a large amount of languages spoken in the region

basque

isolated language, is largely unchanged (South Eastern france!)

belgium case study

regions are seperated by different languages, French and German, Brussels small region with both

hebrew case study

once extinct language, was revived

iceland

isolated language because of location, largely unchanged

canada case study

maintains two national languages through requirement of public signs

celtic case study

endagered language, being worked on to be brought back

mobility

term that refers to all types of movement

emmigration

migration from a location

immigration

migration to a location

international migration

permanent move from one country to another

internal migration

permanent move within the same country

interregional

movement between regions - internal migration

intraregional

movement within the same region - internal migration

what is the current leading immigrant country in USA

Mexico

what is the past leading immigrant country in USA

Germany

migration transition

a change in the migration pattern that results from the social and economic changes that also produce demographic changes

push factor

draw someone out of a country

pull factor

draw someone into a new country

examples of push factor

war, violence, oppression

examples of a pull factor

job oppurtunities, political climate

what are the biggest 3 factors to immigrate?

political, environmental, and economic

ravensteins laws

laws that allow us to make generalizations about migration

refugee

people forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to their life, cannot return due to fear of persecution

internally displaced person (IDP)

similar to a refugee, but have not crossed an international border

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

intervening obstacles

hinder migration; environmental barriers and political barriers

examples of environmental barriers for migration (intervening obstacle)

mountains, oceans, deserts, great distances, etc

examples of political barriers for migration (intervening obstacle)

proper documentation, etc

quota

a restriction based off numbers on the amount of immigrants allowed into a country

unauthorized immigrants

those who enter a country without proper documents, also known as illegal aliens

brain drain

the loss of the most educated people to developed countries

remmitance

money sent from immigrants to family in home country

step migration

moving from one place to another in steps

chain migration

moving to a place because of family or other connections

seasonal mobility

periodic movement during seasonal changes

guest worker

legal; visas obtained to do work, then leave

circular migration

temporary migration to another country for employment

forced migration

permanent migration compelled by cultural or environmental factors

voluntary migration

permanent migration by choice

illegal aliens

an immigrant who is in a country illegallly

migration

a form of relocation diffusion, a permanent move to a new location

net migration

the difference between immigration and emmigration

counterubranization

migration from urban to rural areas in developed countries

stage 1 of the migration transition model

rural to urban, intraregional

stage 2 of the migration transition model

largest international migration

stage 3 and 4 of migration transition model

large movement from urban areas to suburbs

ravenstein’s first law

distance - most migrate a short distance

ravenstein’s second law

reason - reasons are mostly economic, also political and environmental

revenstein’s third law

characteristics - mostly young, single, males (no longer true, gender ratio is more balanced)

thomas malthus

believed that population rises geometrically while food production rises arithmetically

ecumene zone

permanent human settlement (grown larger over time)

arithmetic density

total number of people in an area

physiological desnity

number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

agricultural density

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

arable land

where food can be grown

crude birth rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people

crude death rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

natural increase rate (NIR or RNI)

the percentage of how much a population grows in a year

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have in prime childbearing years (15-49)

DTM stage 1: low growth

very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR

DTM stage 2: high growth

high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR

DTM stage 3: moderate growth

rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR

DTM stage 4: low growth

very low CBR, low CDR, zero or negative NIR

examples of countries in stage 1 (DTM)

none

example of countries in stage 2 (DTM)

Gambia, Sub-Saharan Africa (Niger, Somalia, etc), Yemen

examples of countries in stage 3 (DTM)

Mexico, Columbia, India, Jamaica

examples of countries in stage 4 (DTM)

Denmark, USA, Canada, China

census

counts population, responsible for providing data

sex ratio

ratio of women to men

dependency ratio

proportion of people in working age (15-64) to people in not working age (under 15 and over 64)

neo-malthusians

people who believe that the population will someday grow and we will not have enough food to feed the world

pro-natalist

countries ways to try and promote their citizens to having more kids

anti-natalist

countries ways to try and promote their citizens to have less kids

epidemiologic transition model

identifies distinct health threats in each stage of the DTM