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Cellular Regulation
all the functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, cytokines and neurotransmitters) and the way it produces an intracellular response
Proliferation
production of new cells through cell growth and division.
Differentiation
acquisition of a specific cell function to become a specialized cell
Homeostasis
Clinical manifestations are caused by alterations in what?
cancer cells
cells that have unlimitedpotential for growth and division.
Allostasis
when multiple organ systems adapt to maintain homeostasis, stability through change, being able to adapt to injury/disease, making ADAPTATION strategies. Is constantly scanning itself and adjusting.
chemical
hypoxic (low oxygen)
intential/unintentional
immunological (humoral ror cellular immunity)
infection (bacteria, virus, parasites
inflammation
Types of cellular injury:
structure or function
injury to a cell changes what? {2]
When they build up they can be harmful. They are unstable and can have harmful effects on cells and tissues.
How can free radicals be harmful?
They are a critical part of the immune system, as they attack foreign invaders.
How can free radicals be beneficial?
Free radicals
An unstable molecule because they are missing an electron in their outer shell. Can render other molecules unstable.
They stop the deterioration of the cell being caused by free radicals. Cleans up radical waste in the cells.
what do antioxidants do in the body?
Oxidative stress
Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants is called:
pollution
smoking
radiation herbicides
stress
low sleep
low exercise
What can cause an excess of free radicals leading to disease? [6]
electrical charge
chemical charge
Free radicals are highly energized due to [2]
bacteria
viruses
mutated DNA
Protection occurs when a free radical collides with [3]
DNA and cell membranes
Disease occurs if a free radical collides with:
Disuse atrophy (ex: after getting a cast off, the muscle may be smaller from lac of use)
When is atrophy normal?
Decrease in nervous system stimulation
When is atrophy abnormal?
When blood pressure is high, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle can cause issues with electrical signals in the heart
When is hypertrophy abnormal/an issue?
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ
Menstruation, liver regeneration, wound healing
Example of normal hyperplasia [3]
Dysplasia
Cells mutate nto cells of a different size, shape, appearance
endometriosis
Abnormal example of hyperplasia
metaplasia
ONe type of adult cell is replaced by another of the same type. Usually because of chronic inflammation or irritation (ex: cell changes from lung smoking)
To see if the cervical cells have changed and become dysplastic
Pap smear checks for what?
Adaptation
reversible structural or functional response to normal or adverse pathological conditions. Cells may modify size, number or types in an attempt to manage these changes (maintain homeostasis).
Apoptosis
process of eliminating unwanted cells. Happens at specific points of development (programed cell death - normal) or from environmental triggers (pathological). Cells condense and shrink
Necrosis
cellular dissolution, self-digestion (autolysis). Many types: coagulative, liquefaction, caseous, fat, gangrenous (dry, wet, gas)
Hypoxia
lack of sufficient oxygen within cells. Single most common cause of all cell death.
Ischemia
inadequate/reduced blood flow to a tissue or organ. Example would be an myocardial infarction (cells died).
necroptosis
Programmed necrosis, usually in response to a disease where there is an attack of a pathogen
phagocytosis via WBCs
What happens after apoptosis
cell shrinks
cell size in apoptosis
cell swells
Cell size in necrosis
In both normal and pathologic tissue
In what cells does apoptosis occur?
occurs invariably in pathological tisse
IN what cells does necrosis occur?
Hypoxia
Single most common case of cellular injury
Etiology
cause of disease
Pathogenesis
pattern of changes associated with development of disease
Clinical manifestations
Signs and symptoms
Pathology
the study of the causes and effects of disease
Physiology
the study of the normal functions of humans
Pathophysiology
the study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Results in local tissue injury, affects small number of blood vessels
Ischemia results where?
ischemia
Most common cause of hypoxia