Class 1

Cellular Regulation

all the functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, cytokines and neurotransmitters) and the way it produces an intracellular response

Proliferation

production of new cells through cell growth and division.

Differentiation

acquisition of a specific cell function to become a specialized cell

Homeostasis

Clinical manifestations are caused by alterations in what?

cancer cells

cells that have unlimitedpotential for growth and division.

Allostasis

when multiple organ systems adapt to maintain homeostasis, stability through change, being able to adapt to injury/disease, making ADAPTATION strategies. Is constantly scanning itself and adjusting.

1. chemical

2. hypoxic (low oxygen)

3. intential/unintentional

4. immunological (humoral ror cellular immunity)

5. infection (bacteria, virus, parasites

6. inflammation

Types of cellular injury:

structure or function

injury to a cell changes what? {2]

When they build up they can be harmful. They are unstable and can have harmful effects on cells and tissues.

How can free radicals be harmful?

They are a critical part of the immune system, as they attack foreign invaders.

How can free radicals be beneficial?

Free radicals

An unstable molecule because they are missing an electron in their outer shell. Can render other molecules unstable.

They stop the deterioration of the cell being caused by free radicals. Cleans up radical waste in the cells.

what do antioxidants do in the body?

Oxidative stress

Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants is called:

• pollution

• smoking

• radiation herbicides

• stress

• low sleep

• low exercise

What can cause an excess of free radicals leading to disease? [6]

1. electrical charge

2. chemical charge

Free radicals are highly energized due to [2]

• bacteria

• viruses

• mutated DNA

Protection occurs when a free radical collides with [3]

DNA and cell membranes

Disease occurs if a free radical collides with:

Disuse atrophy (ex: after getting a cast off, the muscle may be smaller from lac of use)

When is atrophy normal?

Decrease in nervous system stimulation

When is atrophy abnormal?

When blood pressure is high, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle can cause issues with electrical signals in the heart

When is hypertrophy abnormal/an issue?

Hyperplasia

Increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ

Menstruation, liver regeneration, wound healing

Example of normal hyperplasia [3]

Dysplasia

Cells mutate nto cells of a different size, shape, appearance

endometriosis

Abnormal example of hyperplasia

metaplasia

ONe type of adult cell is replaced by another of the same type. Usually because of chronic inflammation or irritation (ex: cell changes from lung smoking)

To see if the cervical cells have changed and become dysplastic

Pap smear checks for what?

Adaptation

reversible structural or functional response to normal or adverse pathological conditions. Cells may modify size, number or types in an attempt to manage these changes (maintain homeostasis).

Apoptosis

process of eliminating unwanted cells. Happens at specific points of development (programed cell death - normal) or from environmental triggers (pathological). Cells condense and shrink

Necrosis

cellular dissolution, self-digestion (autolysis). Many types: coagulative, liquefaction, caseous, fat, gangrenous (dry, wet, gas)

Hypoxia

lack of sufficient oxygen within cells. Single most common cause of all cell death.

Ischemia

inadequate/reduced blood flow to a tissue or organ. Example would be an myocardial infarction (cells died).

necroptosis

Programmed necrosis, usually in response to a disease where there is an attack of a pathogen

phagocytosis via WBCs

What happens after apoptosis

cell shrinks

cell size in apoptosis

cell swells

Cell size in necrosis

In both normal and pathologic tissue

In what cells does apoptosis occur?

occurs invariably in pathological tisse

IN what cells does necrosis occur?

Hypoxia

Single most common case of cellular injury

Etiology

cause of disease

Pathogenesis

pattern of changes associated with development of disease

Clinical manifestations

Signs and symptoms

Pathology

the study of the causes and effects of disease

Physiology

the study of the normal functions of humans

Pathophysiology

the study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, organ systems) that result from disease or injury.

Results in local tissue injury, affects small number of blood vessels

Ischemia results where?

ischemia

Most common cause of hypoxia