History T4

WW1 start date

August 1914

WW1 end date

November 1918

Central Powers

Germany, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans

Allies

France, Russia, Britain + empire

Triple Alliance (1882-1915)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente (1907-1917)

France, Russia, Britain (+empire)

Who was the Black Hand?

A group of Serbian nationalists formed by Colonel Apis (Bee) responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Goal of The Black Hand

Gain the independence of Serbs/Slavic people from Austro-Hungarian control.

Where was the Archduke assassinated?

Sarajevo, Bosnia

Nationalism

devotion and loyalty to one's own nation; patriotism

How did nationalism cause WWI?

Britain, Germany, and France believed that their country was better than others. This meant that nations became domineering, assertive, and aggressive.

Imperialism

policy/practice of extending a nation's rule over other territories

How did imperialism cause WWI?

Tension between different empires as they scrambled for colonies.

Militarism

A strong military policy/spirit. It's both practical (action of developing an armed race) and mental (government state of mind).

How did militarism cause WWI?

Every nation kept increasing militaries to achieve a 'balance' of power. This caused competition and tension of rising war.

Alliance

An association for mutual benefit (protection, support, deterrence of war.

How did alliances cause WWI?

Alliances resulted in two separate armed camps (Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance), meaning if one nation was in war, the entire alliance was involved. Instead of deterring war, it fostered it.

ANZAC

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

Plan to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassinate Archduke as he drove along the main road in Sarajevo, the Apple Quay on route to the city.

Who assassinated Archduke Franz?

Gavrilo Princip

Eastern front

Along the German-Russian border

Western front

Along Germany's western border, South Belgium, and Northern France

Other land battles

South Africa, China (Chingado), Iraq, Marianas, Carolines, Marshalls Islands

Other ocean battles

Pacific, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian

How fought?

Aerial surveillance + bombing, navy warfare, trench warfare

Significance of WW1

first international war, first to use modern weaponry, unprecedented mass destruction, 60000 AUS lives lost

Why did AUS go to war?

Loyalty, duty, and cultural + economic ties to Britain

AIF

Australian Imperial Force

Strategies to persuade Australian men to enlist in the AIF

Propaganda / recruitment posters, sending a white feather, recruitment cards, recruitment marches

Propaganda

A form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of a community, a cause or position

reasons to enlist

adventure, mate ship, money, loyalty/ patriotism, duty/family honour, allied confidence, shame, to escape

reasons not to enlist

too young/ too old, medically unfit, too short, employed in an essential service, opposed to war, fear

when did Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia?

28th July 1914

When did Germany declare war on France, Belgium and Russia?

1-3 August 1914

When did Britain declare war on Germany?

4th August 1914

Australia's involvement in WW1

Brief engagment in the Pacific (October-November 1914) First major campaign: Gallipoli, Turkey (April-December 1914) Western Front, France/ Belgium(1916-1918) Middle East (1916-1918)

When did enlistments peak?

1915

AUS response to outbreak

Most AUS supported the war

Biggest supporter of the war effort

Australian Women's National League

Significance of Gallipoli

the first battle Australia was in, shaped AUS's identity

Life at Gallipoli

Mentally and physically exhausting with little comforts and unsanitary conditions.

When was the Gallipoli Campaign?

25 April 1915 - 9 Jan. 1916

What was the purpose of the Gallipoli campaign?

to diminish the power of the Turks and support Russia

August Offensive

In August 1915, the allies attempted to break the stalemate at Gallipoli by advancing.

stalemate

when two sides are in opposition but neither can progress

When did the Allied fleet fail to force through the Dardanelle Strait to attack Istanbul?

8th March 1915

When were the allied landings at Cape Helles, Kumkale and Anzac Cove?

25th April 1915. Troops were ordered to 'dig in'. Australian submarine AE2 slips through the Dardanelles?

When was the failed Turkish Offensive?

18-19th May 1915

When was the Battle of Lone Pine?

6-9th August 1915. Initially Australian soldiers capture the main Turkish trenches but eventually the Turks recaptured the ground they had lost. Seven Victoria Crosses earned by Australian soldiers. This battle is part of the August offensive.

When was the Charge at the Nek?

7th August 1915. Part of the August offensive, is unsuccessful and hundreds of Australians are killed. British forces land at Suvla Bay unopposed to reinforce ANZACs.

When was the successful withdrawal of all troops from Anzac Cove?

8-20th December 1915

When did allies evacuate and the end of Gallipoli campaign?

8-9th January 1915