Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) + Gel Electrophoresis

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Gel Electrophoresis, including definitions, processes, and applications relevant to DNA analysis.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A method used to amplify small fragments of DNA through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size and charge by applying an electrical field to a gel matrix.

DNA Amplification

The process of making many copies of a specific DNA sequence.

Taq polymerase

A heat-tolerant DNA polymerase enzyme used in PCR, obtained from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus.

In vitro

A process that occurs outside of a living organism.

DNA Primers

Short sequences of single-stranded DNA that initiate the replication process during PCR.

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific base sequences, used in molecular cloning and genetic profiling.

Genetic Profiling

A method used to identify organisms, species, or individuals using specific DNA patterns.

Non-gene DNA

DNA sequences that do not code for proteins but are used in genetic profiling.

Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)

Short DNA sequences that are repeated a variable number of times in the genome and are used for individual identification.

Agarose Gel

A medium used in gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments based on size.

Polyacrylamide Gel

Another type of medium used in gel electrophoresis, offering higher resolution for smaller DNA fragments.

Negative Charge of DNA

DNA has a net negative charge due to phosphate groups, causing it to move towards the positive electrode in gel electrophoresis.

DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Genetic Fingerprinting

The process of using DNA profiles to identify individuals based on unique DNA patterns.

Salt Solution

The solution in which gel electrophoresis is performed, allowing an electric current to flow through the gel.

Anode

The positive electrode where negatively charged DNA fragments migrate during electrophoresis.

Applications of PCR

Used in forensics, genetic testing, and research to amplify DNA from small samples.

Applications of Gel Electrophoresis

Used in DNA sequencing, genetic profiling, and forensic analysis.

DNA Fragments

Pieces of DNA produced by the action of restriction enzymes, varying in length and size.

Paternity Testing

A forensic application that compares DNA samples to determine biological relationships.

Identification of Suspects

Using DNA evidence from crime scenes to match profiles of potential offenders.

Identification of Corpses

Determining the identity of human remains that are too decomposed for recognition.