Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization - Study Guide

Explain Social Darwinism.

the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature.

Social Darwinism is the belief that only the fittest will survive political and economic struggles. It also claims that some races are stronger and superior, and have the right to take over weaker races.

Explain the concept of the "civilizing mission."

The civilizing mission is a political rationale for military intervention and for colonization purporting to facilitate the modernization and the Westernization of indigenous peoples, especially in the period from the 15th to the 20th centuries

Western countries would bring advancements in society/technology, so imperialism was benefiting the conquered people. The west also felt as if it was their duty to spread their knowledge and protection.

Explain how the ideology of Social Darwinism contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

By extending their arguments to address entire nations, some social Darwinists justified imperialism on the basis that the imperial powers were naturally superior and their control over other nations was in the best interest of human evolution.

The ideology of social Darwinism contributed to the development of imperialism because it told imperializing countries that they have the right to take over other countries, and that they are superior to them, which ultimately resulted in concepts such as racial discrimination and slavery.

Explain how the ideology of nationalism contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

Nationalism contributed to imperialism because the Europeans thought that their nation was better and they needed to help civilize others. Also, the countries which were being ruled by the Europeans often rebelled and had nationalistic ideologies.

Nationalism contributed to the development of imperialism by driving countries to gain power and control, competing against other nationalizing countries. It also built a feeling of self-importance, which drove countries to try to spread their culture/religion/language.

Give a specific example of a state that strengthened their control over existing colonies

British in India

Britain already had trading posts established in India, and when the Mughal empire fell, they took full control of the country. Britain, when conquering India, strengthened its control by using the resources within India for economic gain. They also brought in a railroad to India, with the intention of both speeding up trade/transport and monetary gain.

Dutch in Indonesia

seized forceful control over the spice producing islands and monopolize the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves to sell these spices to Europe and India

people there had to pay more for these prices than the people paid in Indonesia

Dutch profits soared while the islands were left impoverished

Explain King Leopold II and his involvement with the Congo

King Leopold II, who owned the Congo Free State as a private enterprise, systematically exploited the native population for his own commercial benefit, most notably with the production of wild rubber. To enforce the rubber quotas, the colonists cut off the limbs of the natives as a matter of policy.

King Leopold craved greater control than what he had in Belgium, and saw Congo as an abundant, unclaimed land for economic gain through the trade of ivory, rubber, etc. While he made claims of spreading his Christian beliefs to the people, he was actually exploiting, hurting, and using them for his own gain, with things such as slavery.

What territories did the US acquire in the 1750 to 1900 time period?

European states as well as the US and Japan, acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific.

(Mexico, Alaska, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico)

What territories did Japan acquire in the 1750 to 1900 time period?

The Japanese colonial empire constituted the overseas. The first overseas territories that Japan acquired were islands.

Taiwan, Korea, Nanpo, Ryukyu, Kurile Islands.

What factors led to the decline of the Spanish and Portugeuse based on their height of power in the 1450 to 1750 time period?

Massacres during the wars, susceptibility to infectious European diseases, and hardships endured during forced migrations all contributed to the decline in the Indian populations and the weakening resistance

the Spanish and Portuguese likely declined in power because of the competition between other European powers to establish colonies

What is a settler colony?

Settler colonialism is a form of colonialism that seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers.

What settler colonies were established in this time period?

The British established settler colonies in southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The French established colonies in Algeria.

What occurred during the Indian Revolt of 1857

In late March 1857 a sepoy named Mangal Pandey attacked British officers at the military garrison in Barrackpore. He was arrested and then executed by the British in early April. ... The seizure of Delhi provided a focus and set the pattern for the whole mutiny, which then spread throughout northern India.

The revolt started when British militaries changed ammunition to a kind that was greased in pig/beef fats, which upset Muslim and Hindu army-men due to them having been forced to have contact/consumption with these fats. From these uprisings, others built on due to unfair laws or religious disrespect. The people felt like they were going to be force-converted, which they did not like.

What was the outcome?

Many Indians died, and it created a sense of nationalism among Indians.

The rebels did not succeed due to a lack of unification, and millions died. A British victory led to a formal end of the Mughal Empire alongside the end of company rule in India and a transfer of rule to the British Crown. There was a widespread "housecleaning" of any leftover Indian administration. Although being a failed revolt, it was significant as it led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India.

How do you think this revolt would influence later events in India in the 20th century?

It increased nationalism and made people willing to fight for their country.

This revolt built both fear and evidence that revolts are possible. It also introduced an entrance of western social elements, and created greater class/religion/race divides.

Describe an indigenous responses to state expansion here:

Name of event: Zulu Kingdom.

What happened during this event?: Shaka Zulu created and ruled the Zulu empire from 1816-1828, and built it with a strong military focus. This allowed the empire to conquer large areas of land and grow quickly.

How did nationalism play a role?: The Zulu kingdom's successes were largely based on the fact they were unified and organized. They allowed for their attacks to be strategic and for increased growth/improvement.

What was the outcome?: The British interfered a few years into the Zulu kingdom's rise, beginning the Anglo-Zulu war. The Zulu lost this war, but it only sparked increased anti-imperialism and hopes to resist the European takeover of Africa.

Describe a rebellion that took place during the 1750-1900 time period.

The zulu rebellion brought out the negatives of imperial rule which caused people to turn to the enlightenment ideas and religious concepts.

Mahdists were an Islamic-following group in Sudan, and they were already living under the oppressive rule of Egypt. When the British gained control of Egypt, they altered some of the standards on Sudan, the western-influence scaring the Mahdists. They did not want to be forced to convert to Christianity, so they fought against the British for freedom, winning a few wars before being defeated. This loss caused the fall of the rebellion with the end of the Mahdist army.

Give specific examples of environmental factors that contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.

Crop production went from only producing what was needed to complex systems of mass production with many workers. Palm oil was used in the creation of many machines and plastics. Diamonds were used as a form of value/currency and were mined heavily for riches. Places with diamonds got conquered by those searching for monetary gain. Mass production leads to a decrease in soil quality, and better soil makes better crops and profit in the agriculture-based society, which leads to the increased need for guano. British colonies provided all necessary materials used in producing finished goods, helping industrialize the country. The increased presence of the middle class as a result of industrialization brought along an increased demand for meat. Western economies are based around their colonies' production.

What is economic imperialism? How is this different from the imperialism practiced in the 1450 to 1750 time period?

Where foreign businesses' interests have large economic influence and power. Old imperialism focused mainly on systems of trade while new imperialism took bolder steps to overtaking nations. Old Imperialism was the period from 1450-1750, in which powers were motivated by "gold, glory, and God".

Economic imperialism is when one country makes another country reliant on its resources to gain economic control over it. This is different from the imperialism practiced from 1450-1750 because it focuses on economic gain through the processes of mercantilism and trade rather than a gain in control for the spread of culture, religion, and access to resources.

What factors caused the Opium Wars?

The Opium Wars arose from China's attempts to suppress the opium trade. Foreign traders (primarily British) had been illegally exporting opium mainly from India to China since the 18th century, but that trade grew dramatically from about 1820.

Britain had more imports than exports from China, putting them at a disadvantage. To win control and force trade with China, the British began illegally importing opium to China, getting the Chinese population addicted and reliant on the substance. This created a need for imported opium, which came from production in India.

What was the ultimate outcome of the Opium Wars?

Great Britain won the first Opium War. The opium trade continued, and China had to compensate Great Britain for its losses, give Hong Kong Island to the British, and increase the number of treaty ports where the British could trade and reside. Great Britain and France won the second Opium War.

China was unsuccessful in its attempts to overtake Britain, and was forced to sign an unfair treaty (Treaty of Nanjing). In this treaty, Britain opened 5 trading ports in China. China also had to cede Hong Kong, a trading capital, and create a free trade agreement. This agreement was used by multiple countries, splitting China into spheres of influence under Russia, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the US.

Why were the Opium Wars and the outcomes considered economic imperialism?

The wars were ultimately caused by trade and imperialism. The Opium Wars and its outcomes were considered economic imperialism because Britain, alongside the 4 other countries forced China to become dependent on their resources due to the unfair trading setup and introduction of addictive drugs. They controlled economic development in the areas they reigned control over.

Describe other economic factors that contributed to the development of a global economy from 1750 to 1900.

India was a large producer of many important goods used by the British, cotton being a main one. This cotton trade became the basis of the country's economy, and the mass production of it, alongside high demand, made it a huge part of exports from India.The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.The "second industrial revolution" led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century.The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. contributed to the increase in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods; these regions' share in global manufacturing declined.

Give specific examples of how environmental factors drove migration in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

Environment as a push factor: lack of resources causing famine and poverty. Not enough jobs in an area. The Irish came to the US due to the lack of potatoes growing in their homeland. Chinese people came because of a lack of resources and agricultural production causing famine and poverty. Environment as a pull factor: The US had jobs and food and land.

How did indentured servitude change in this period in relation to the 1450 to 1750 time period?

It was still present and heavily important for the economy, but now used less during periods slavery was still in use. It also shifted to being more Asian immigrants compared to being Europeans working off immigration costs. Use of convict labor.

How was indentured servitude used in this time period?

Indentured servitude was used in tasks such as harvesting sugarcane and in creating raw materials for Western countries.

How did new technologies that resulted from the Industrial Revolution facilitate migrations during this time period?

Railroads allowed people to move faster and further, the steam engine and factory production facilitated migration and increased the economy.

Ships and trains were used in the transportation of both supplies and people. Ships were also a major component in trade between countries. Cotton gins and other production technologies helped in factories and in delivering completed items. Factories and the need for raw material production (mining, plantations etc.) opened new jobs.

Describe a specific group that migrated due to environmental factors.

Indians migrated to the states to look for jobs when their government and economy was declining. They migrated to have more freedom and better jobs.

The Irish moved after a failed potato season left the people in famine. The Great Famine in China pushed people out of the Country.

What is an ethnic enclave?

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

A community space where people of a shared culture have settled, enclosing and creating a defined area of cultural presence.

Pick one of the ethnic enclaves listed to the left. Who was migrating and why?

ex:

Chinese in Southeast Asia ● the Caribbean, South America, and North America ● Indians in East and Southern Africa ● the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia ● Irish in North America ● Italians in North and South America

The chinese went to America for work and money. The gold mines provided them with this.

Chinese in SE Asia: Consistent largely of traders, first coming from Malaysia. Many of these immigrants were attracted by trading policies in Singapore, others, known as coolies, were being brought as laborers/indentured workers. Chinese in Latin America: Taken as laborers, worked in agriculture (plantations, mines) and railroads. The Chinese government did not support Chinese people going to work in Brazil/Latin America, and the Brazilian government and people discriminated against the Chinese.

Using your example from the question above, explain what impact this group had on their host country

The Chinese in Latin America were a major piece of development in the area. They collected materials to make profits off of, such as mining and plantation work. They also built railroads, which are very helpful and important for industrialization, trade, social/political growth.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a law passed in the US to stop Chinese migrants from coming in. It also limited the Chinese people living in the US from being able to own land, receive fair wages, vote, and gain citizenship.

What was the White Australia Policy?

White Australia policy, formally Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, in Australian history, fundamental legislation of the new Commonwealth of Australia that effectively stopped all non-European immigration into the country and that contributed to the development of a racially insulated white society.

Give specific examples of how migrations in the 1750 to 1900 time period affected society.

Immigration helped increase global urbanization.

Spread culture and mixed languages (Chinese culture coming to the US, European influence over Africa), built competition (European countries fighting for power), spread goods (people moving in trade to work for profit or slaves being transported), sped up production (indentured servitude, cheap labor, and slavery. Immigrants were working on plantations and in mines), and boosted the economy (more people working, more goods being made faster).

Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.

The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods. ● As states industrialized, they also expanded existing overseas empires and established new colonies and transoceanic relationships. ● The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world. ● As a result of the emergence of transoceanic empires and a global capitalist economy, migration patterns changed dramatically, and the numbers of migrants increased significantly

Evaluate the extent to which states strengthened and/or expanded control over colonies in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

In 1760, the industrial revolution began in Britain. It started to spread to the US and the European states. This led to steam engines, railroads, and improved methods of making steel and cotton. This also caused more need for resources and labor. Western powers raced against each other to collect colonies to control. Africa and Asia were drained of natural resources. Afterward, they were forced to provide labor for the Europeans. This split families apart and destroyed some of their homes. Western powers had more colonies.

Evaluate the extent to which discontent from imperial rule led to direct resistance and/or rebellions in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

At the beginning of the revolution, many western powers began to take over colonies around them. They industrialized underdeveloped countries and called this the white man's burden. In doing so they killed many of the people living there and drained them of their natural resources. Railroads were built so resources were more accessible and their lives were disregarded.

Evaluate the extent to which environmental factors contributed to a global economy in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

Regions with many natural resources were taken over and imperialized for European use. Railroads and factories were built. People began to migrate for jobs. This helped increase the economy a lot.

Evaluate the extent to which economic imperialism drove state expansion in the 1450 to 1900 time period

Britain had the perfect conditions for the revolution to start. It allowed countries to develop more and create things like the steam engine and also factories. It also helped produce things like steel and cotton. It led to mass urbanization and an increased need for cheap labor.

Evaluate the extent to which new patterns of migration affected societies in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

The industrial revolution led to the draining of resources in Africa and Asia. It also led to these places being industrialized. Railroads were built through their homes and they were used for cheap labor. The people in the colonies were upset by this and attempted to rebel. The rebellion caused some states gaining freedom and independence. People were soon forced to move to urban locations.

Evaluate the extent to which environmental factors drove new patterns of migration in the 1750 to 1900 time period.

The imperialism of Asia and Africa led to the draining of natural resources. When the western powers took over these areas, they increased the economy but ruined the ones they originally owned. The people had little independence or freedom, but they gained it back slowly because of the location of jobs having to move.