ANS- from Tina, added/removed terms

brain and spinal cord comprise the ______ nervous system

central

CNS controls _______

PNS

two divisions of the PNS

autonomic and somatic

autonomic division of PNS controls bodily activity such as... (3)

-smooth and cardiac muscles
- exocrine glands
- endocrine and metabolic activities

what regulates the autonomic PNS

cardiovascular, respiratory and other visceral brainstem centers

what does the somatic NS control

voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

what regulates the somatic PNS

motor cortex and spinal cord

sympathetic NS has discrete or diffuse activation?

diffuse

meaning you need the whole body to be ready to support fight or flight mode

parasympathetic NS has discrete or diffuse activation?

discrete

meaning you can store energy and allocate energy to smooth muscles for rest and digest

where do the cell bodies originate for the symp NS?

thoraco lumbar

where do the cell bodies originate for the parasympathetic NS?

craniosacral CN 3,7,9,10

distribution of sympathetic NS

effectors all over the body (mainly blood vessels)

distribution of parasymp Ns?

limited: no innervation of blood vessels

diffuseness of symp NS

1 to 20 or more

* many things happen during a response

diffuseness of parasymp NS

1 to 1

pre gang of Symp NS

short: synapse on chain ganglion

post gang of symp NS

long unmyelinated: synapse onto muscle

pre gang of parasymp NS

long: ganglion are near target

post gang of parasymp NS

short unmyelinated: synapse muscle

pre gang NT for symp NS

Acetylcholine ( NIC receptor)

post gang NT for symp NS

Norepinephrine (NE) with alpha/beta receptors
sweat glands use Acetylcholine with MUS Receptor

pregang NT for para NS

Acetylcholine NIC receptor

post gang for para NS

Acetylcholine MUS Receptor

which has massive discharge and which doesnt between symp and para NS?

symp = massive discharge
para = no

are the effects of symp NS specific or geenralized?

generalized

*remember its diffuse action

are the effects of para NS specific or generalized?

specific

*remember its limited action

what 3 effects does the symp NS have on the heart?

1. increased heart rate
2. increased heart contraction force
3. increased BP

what receptor does the sympathetic NS act on the heart?

B1

what 2 effects does the para NS have on the heart?

1. decrease heart rate
2. decrease BP

what receptor does the para NS act on the heart?

M2

what effect does the symp NS have on blood vessels?

constriction everywhere except for dilation in the muscles

what receptor does the symp NS act on BV? (constriction everywhere vs dilation of muscles

constriction = a1
dilation for muscles = B2

what effect does the para NS have on BV?

dilation via endothelial released NO to decrease BP

what receptor does the para NS act on BV?

M3

what effect does the symp NS have on the lungs? via what receptor?

dilation due to circulating NE

B2

what effect does the para NS have on the lungs? via what receptor?

constriction and increased secretion

M3

what effect does the symp NS have on the pupil and CB, what receptors for each?

pupil = dilator = mydriasis = a1
CB = aqueous production = a2/B2

what effect does the para NS have on the pupil and CB, what receptor for each?

pupil = miosis = sphincter = M3
CB = accommodation = M3

what effect does the symp NS have on glands: salivary and lacrimal, receptors?

protein secretion (protective response) via B2

what effect does the para NS have on glands: lacrimal and salivary, receptors?

increase watery secretions, via M3

what effects does the symp NS have on the bladder? via what receptors

increase sphincter tone via a1
decrease detrusor muscle tone via B2/B3

what effects does the para NS have on bladder? via what receptors?

decrease sphincter tone via M3
increase detrusor muscle tone via M3

what effects does the symp NS have on the kidney? via what receptors?

increase renin secretion via B1

what effects does the para NS have on the kidney? via what receptors?

none listed

what effects does the symp NS have on the GI system? via what receptors?

decrease peristalsis via B2
increase sphincter tone via a1
decrease blood flow via a1

what effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the GI? via what receptors?

increase peristalsis via M3
decrease sphincter tone via M3
increase blood flow via M3
increase secretion via M1

what effects does the symp AND para NS have on the skin? via what receptors?

increased perspiration (ACh) via M3

what effect does the symp NS have on metabolism? via what receptors?

decreased insulin and increased glucagon via a1/b2

what effect does the symp NS have on pancreas? via what receptors?

increased glycogenesis via a1/b2

what effect does the symp NS have on liver? via what receptors?

increase gluconeogenesis via a1/b2

what effect does the symp NS have on adipose tissue? via what receptors?

increase lipolysis via b2/b3

what effect does the para NS have on pancreas and liver? via what receptors?

pancreas = increased glycogenesis via M
liver = decreased glucogeogenesis via M

network of nerves in the gut wall that act independently regulates GI motility and secretion

enteric NS

para NS _________ the ENS via what NT?

activates, via Acetylcholine

symp NS ____________ the ENS via what NT?

inhibits, via norepinephriine

what are 6 NTs in the ENS?

1. nitric oxide
2. serotonin
3. dopamine
4. neuropeptide Y
5. vasoactive intestinal peptide
6. enkephalin

Is acetylcholine adrenergic or cholinergic?

Cholinergic

True or False: acetylcholine is found in:
- all autonomic ganglia
- parasympathetic neuroeffector junction
- somatic neuromuscular junctions
- some sympathetic neuroeffector and junctions such as sweats glands and vasodilator fibres in skeletal muscles

True

**repeat this slide to know the locations

Is norepinephrine cholinergic or adrenergic?

Adrenergic

Where is norepinephrine found?

- sympathetic postglanglonic neuroeffector junctions

Where is epinephrine released from?

Adrenal medulla

True or False: we have a baroreceptor reflex bradycardia when tachycardic, and reflex tachycardia when bradycardic

True

For the baroreceptor reflex, whether reflex bradycardia or reflex tachycardia is occurring, where are the stretch receptors located?

Aortic arch/ carotid sinus at bifurcation

How are the baroreceptors in the aortic arch / carotid sinus activated?

By increase in BP when tachycardic
Or
By decrease in BP when bradycardic

reflex bradycardia:
- stretch receptors are activated by what?

Increased BP

Reflex bradycardia:
Where do baroreceptors send their receptor information about increased BP?

Vasomotor center (solitary nucleus) in the medulla

Reflex bradycardia:
Info travels from baroreceptors to solitary nucleus, the vasomotor center, in the medulla, where does information travel next?

Vagal motor nucleus of the medulla

Reflex bradycardia:
What is the outcome of the vagal motor nucleus of the medulla being stimulated? (3)

1. Increase parasympathetic impulses
2. Decrease sympathetic impulses
3. Decrease heart rate

Reflex tachycardia:
What activates the receptors for reflex tachycardia to occur?

- decreased BP

Reflex tachycardia:
- where do baroreceptors that detected decreased BP send signals to?

Solitary nucleus, vasomotor center, in the medulla

reflex tachycardia
- where does the solitary nucleus of the medulla, the vasomotor center, send its impulses to?

Vagal motor nucleus of the medulla

Reflex tachycardia:
What is the outcome of vagal motor nuclei being stimulated? (3)

1. Decrease parasympathetic impulses
2. Increase sympathetic impulses
3. Increase heart rate

adrenergic neurotransmission pt 1:
3 steps for NE synthesis

1. tyrosine hydroxylated to L dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase
** rate limiting step
2. L dopa is decarboxylated to dopamine (DA)
3. DA is hydroxylated to NE in the vesicle

adrenergic neurotransmission pt2
what allows for NE to be released?

calcium influx

adrenergic transmission part 3
what are 2 methods that NE can be used after its been released?

1. binds to post synaptic receptor for an effect

2. presynpatic autoreceptors will prevent further NE release

adrenergic transmission part 4:
if NE binds presynpatically, how is their effect terminated (2)

1. reuptake via active transport
2. metabolism by MAO and COMT

adrenergic transmission part 5
if NE binds post synaptically, how is their effect terminated?

1. metabolism via MAO and COMT

drugs that block the SNS or decrease release

sympatholytic agents

______ autoreceptors inhibits NE Release, which is used to decrease BP

a2

which autoreceptor inhibits NE release and doubles to reduce BP?

a2 autoreceptor inhibits further NE release

drugs that mimic the sympathetic system NT's

sympathomimetics

what are 5 INDIRECT SYMPATHOMIMETIC drugs

1. duloxetine hydrochloride
2. dextroamphetamine
3. phenelzine
4. cocaine
5. pseudoephedrine

dd c pp

MOA of duloxetine hydrochloride

blocks reuptake of 5HT/NE via transporter

**this increase symp NS since there is now more NE in the synaptic cleft

use for duloxetine hydrochloride

depression and anxiety

MOA of dextroamphetamine

inhibits storage of NE in vesicles and reverse transport of NE into synaptic cleft by transporters

**increases symp NS since more NE in the synaptic cleft

use for dextroamphetamine

ADHD

MOA of phenelzine

MOA/COMT inhibitors

use for phenelzine

depression

why are deloxetine, dextroamphetamine, and phenelzine all indirect sympathomimetics ?

they do not act on a receptor yet they all increase [NE] in the synaptic cleft to stimulate/increase the symp NS

the ending -ine, clues you into a sympatho_____________

mimetic

adrenergic receptor alpha1 ( ONE), is found in what 3 locations?

1. blood vessels
2. neck of bladder, prostate and stomach
3. eyes

what are the functions/responses of alpha1 adrenergic receptors?

1. contraction of vascular smooth muscle and exocrine glands
2. contraction of dilator muscle for mydriasis

where are adrenergic receptors alpha 2 (TWO) found?

pre-synpatic terminal to inhibit release of NE, ACh

function of alpha2 adrenoreceptors?

1. CB to decrease aqueous humor secretion
2. decrease in insulin (BP control)

where are B1 adrenergic receptors found? function?

heart - increases cardiac contraction/output/velocity
kidney - increase renin which increases glucose reabs and BP

location and function of B2 adrenergic receptors

lungs, smooth muscles, bladder to relax
pancreas and liver to raise blood sugar level
CB to increase aqueous production

location/function of B3 adrenergic receptors

adipose tissue to release lipids to raise blood glucose levels
bladder and uterus for relaxation

receptor selectivity

ability to bind to a specific receptor and activate a response

nonspecific drugs: bind to all subtypes in a similar fashion

specific drugs: bund to one subtype with stronger response

imidazole receptors are activated by adrenoreceptor agonists that possess an _____________ strucure

imidazole (NH2)

function of imidazole

reduced symp NS outflow of the heart and vascular smooth muscle

** located in CNS