Changing Physical and Human Landscapes

Theme 1: Landscapes and Physical Processes Theme 2: Rural-Urban Links Theme 3: Tectonic Landscapes And Hazards Theme 4: Coastal Hazards And Their Management

Upland Regions

Upland Regions

Areas with high elevations like mountains and hills

Lowland Regions

Areas with lower elevations typically valleys and coastal areas

Land use

The way land is used by humans, can be development, farming, or animal herding

Culture

Different cultures use and change the environment in different ways,  these visible differences create a significant cultural landscape

Geology

Depending on what is in the environment in Wales creates a distinctiveness compared to other places

Vegetation

A distinctiveness is formed when you look around Wales and see the specific types of vegetation that are found there

Tourism (Positive)

Tourism can boost the economy and help spread awareness of specific problems going on in the environment

Tourism (Negative)

The effect of tourists can also be negative, tourists may  disturb the wildlife or litter

Honey Pot Sites

Another name for popular tourist destinations

Carrying Capacity

The maximum amount of people that can live in an area without straining the environment

Managing the Landscape

This can be done by putting aside time and money for the restoration of forests and an increase in sustainable agriculture

Management of Visitors

By putting a limit on how many people can come to a specific place,  and informing those people about the environmental impacts they could have

Repair

Keeping things updated so that they don't end up in extreme conditions, will make it safer and more appealing to look at

Erosion

The process of land slowly deteriorating naturally, causes include

Abrasion

Rock-like objects scraping against the dirt

Hydraulic Action

Water splashes on two rocks breaking them apart

Solution

Rocks dissolving with seawater

Transportation

The movement of objects and people over land can slowly dig into the dirt

Deposition

Material lying down when water loses energy like the formation of a beach

V Shaped Valleys

Formed in the course of a river where erosion is found

Waterfalls

The fall of water from a height on a rock

Floodplains

Land next to a body of water that is of one level

Meanders

The bending of a river

Sediment Supply

The material that builds up as a result of erosion

Longshore Drift

Sediment that moves in a zigzag pattern

Geology

The study of Earth and how it's formed

Concordant Coastlines

Folding of rocks parallel to the coastline

Discordant Coastlines

The folding of rocks perpendicular to the coastline

Seasonal Variation in Discharge

The change in the flow of river through the year

Extreme Weather

Dangerous and abnormal weather such as flooding

Human activity

Human activity has a large impact on our environment and everyday humans  intentionally and unintentionally damage it

Drainage Baisan

An area that collects rainfall and transfers it to a body of water such as a river or lake

Interception

When vegetation captures rainwater

Infiltration

The process of water being absorbed into the soil

Thorughflow

Water moving towards a body of water through the soil

Overland Flow

Water flowing over land

Climate

The weather changes in a way that affects the fall of precipitation

Vegetation

Plants getting in the way of water reaching the ground

Geology

The types of rocks and dirt in the land can affect the pattern of how it is absorbed

Hydrographs

Graphs that show a reverse pattern over time with the effect of rainfall

Land Use Zoning

Dividing pieces of land based on how they can be used according to the law

‘Hard’ Engineering

Building structures to control water patterns

‘Soft’ Engineering

Sustainable approaches to controlling the flow of water such as wetland restoration

Urban-Rural Continuum

The transition from densely populated,  developed areas to sparse and underdeveloped areas

Retailing/Urban Services

Expanding the reach of urban services to rural areas can improve the quality of life for rural residents, it can also create a more equitable future

Counter-Urbanization

The pattern of people and businesses moving from the central Urban cities to Rural and Suburban areas

Rural Settlements

Counter-urbanization causes rural settlements to deal with rapid population growth and increase in prices and homes

Transport

Issues in commuting between Wales and England include lack of public transportation, crowded buses and trains,  and this can also harm our environment

Urban Spheres

The limit of an urban area

Rural Poverty and Deprivation Causes

Lack of job diversity,  limited education Healthcare,  and dependency on agriculture

Rural Poverty and Deprivation Effects

Income inequality, low health, and food insecurity

Depopulation

The pattern of a population decreasing over time, this can be because of social economic, or political reasons

Rural Communities

Strategies for creating sustainable rural communities can include supporting small and local businesses,  sustainable agriculture, and ecotourism

Aging Population

The aging population in the UK has caused many economic health and social challenges such as a lack of healthcare, and a reduced workforce

Egan's Wheel

Consists of three stages and outlines an approach to construction

Brownfields

A brownfield is a term that describes a place that may be contaminated or underdeveloped

Greenfields

A piece of land that has never been developed on before and is in its natural state, mostly used for agricultural production

Retailing

There's been an increase in change in retailing because of economic cultural and technological factors such as income inequality, changes in fashion trends, and changes in demographics

Global Cities

Major economic and social hubs that impact the culture and economy of the rest of the world they are also generally cities with a large population.

Connection

Global cities are connected through types of Transportation including airports, shipping ports, the media, and tourism.

Distribution

Global cities are more commonly found in the developed regions of the world such as the US, East Asia, and Europe, but can also be found in cities facing rapid urbanization and growth

Globalization

The process when similar things can be found all around the world, such as a McDonald's store (an American company) in Russia.

Tectonic Activity

The movement of the Earth's plates,  a famous area with many tectonic plates would be the ring of fire around the Pacific Ocean

Convection

Heat transfer in a fluid

Subduction

One tectonic plate slowly sliding under another tectonic plate

Divergence

Two tectonic plates slowly move away from each other creating a gap

Rift Valleys

Occurs at a divergent boundary, lowland

Ocean Trenches

Deep trenches formed when subduction occurs

Volcanic Hotspots

Places in the world where volcanic activity is very high

Tectonic Hazards Vulnerability Physical Factors

Natural things like magnitude of eruption and earthquakes that affect the venerability of tectonic plates

Tectonic Hazards Vulnerability Human Factors

Actions that humans do that impact the venerability of tectonic plates such as population density and infrastructure

Lava Flows

Molten rock of volcanic material flowing

Lahars

Volcanic mud

Ash Clouds

Volcanic ash that is swept into the air during a volcanic eruption

Tectonic Zones (vulnerable communities) Social factors

Social stigma against nature's impact on human lifestyle can impact the likelihood of people preparing in case of a natural disaster

Tectonic Zones (vulnerable communities) Economic factors

Sometimes communities don't have enough money to put aside for protections against natural disasters

Monitoring

helps people understand, plan, and prepare so that the outcome of extreme weather is minimum

Coastline Erosions

Water, wind, and human movements can all disturb  coastlines which results in erosion

Coastal Floodings

Sea levels rising and extreme rainfall can cause flooding near coastal areas

Cost-Benefit

The idea of coming up with the most efficient way of using money to manage coasts

Coastal Management

Coastal management needs to be implemented both at a regional and national scale so that it can be a national goal and can be implemented more effectively at a regional scale

Protection of Coastlines

• Economic Reasons: Cities may want to protect their coasts so that they can attract tourists and keep the city's infrastructure safe

• Social Reasons: Keeping coastlines tidy can contribute to the overall health and standard of living of people nearby

Monitoring

Monitoring the environment May reduce the risk of coastal floods because It helps people prepare and get educated

Vulnerability of some coastal areas vs others

Some coastal areas are more vulnerable to environmental risks because of their elevation, location on the Earth, and the lifestyle of the people living nearby

Small Island States

As sea levels rise small island States are facing challenges including coastline erosion (decreasing the amount of land), loss of biodiversity, and increase in flooding

Environmental Refugees

People forced to leave their homes because of changes in the environment