Child & Adolescent Development Final

Hot Cognition

emotionally-charged decision

Cold Cognition

logical decision

Formal Operations

piaget’s fourth stage of development; abstract thinking

Error-Related Negativity

ability to recognize error in daily decisions

Frontal Lobe Development in Adolescence

incomplete

Limbic System Development

complete

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

cognitive ability; making and testing hypotheses

Metacognition

thinking about your thinking

Youthful Optimism

positive outlook and belief in the future

Causes of Death & Disability

injury & violence (accident, suicide, homicide)/ alcohol & drug use (cognitive effect, drunk driving)/ sexual promiscuity (STD, children)/ tobacco use (lung disease, cancer)/ nutritional deficits (diabetes, heart disease, obesity, starvation, death)/ physical activity

Delay in Committing to Long-Term Relationship Causes

educations, career; age of marriage has risen

media & depression

excessive social media use can lead to depression

Crowds

10+ people, general common traits (band, jocks, nerds), social identity

Cliques

less than 10, friends, more intimate relationships

Prosocial Behavior

intend to benefit others or society; fostering positive social interactions; volunteering vs. vandalization

Andrenarche

pre-puberty (mood swings, outbursts); primary sexual characteristics begin to develop

Gonadarche

sexual maturity; secondary sexual characteristics develop.

Menarche

first period

Spermarche

first ejaculation

Primary Sexual Characteristics

ovaries & testes

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

outer changes (hair, breast, voice change)

*Benefits of Being Religious

lower substance abuse, lower anxiety, lower depression

Peak of Family Conflict

1416; occur because of mood changes

Heinz’ Dilemma

Kohlberg; illustrate conflict between obeying the law and saving a life; ethical principles

Moral Discussion

The more we talk about morals with our children, the higher likelihood that they are moral

Signs of Potential Suicide

goodbyes, depression, talking about the possibility, collecting death memorabilia, change in appetite, withdrawal

Suicide Prevention

ask if they’re going to, ask if they have a plan, don’t leave, remove weapons, encourage professional help

Late Adolecense (Social)

less concerned with peers

Zimmerman et al. (2007)

drop in self-esteem

Developmental Cascade for Depression

describes how early negative experiences can lead to related issues, contributing to onset and persistence of depression over time

Anorexia

severe calorie restriction, organ failure, distorted body image

Bulimia

binge & purge, easier to treat of the two

How can can parents help their teens adapt?

MONITOR THEM

Mastery Goals

focus on mastering skills; long-term memory

Performance Goals

demonstrating ability; seeking validation

Flounderers

not sure what to commit to; likely to only have a part-time job

Why do teens drink?

peer pressure; believe benefits outweigh risks

% of people that graduate college within 6 years

60%

Reward Shifts from Teens to Young Adults

extrinsic to intrinsic motivation; helping the world to individual security

Jobs as Teens

provides life skills, can be detrimental if excessive

How can we improve high school educational outcomes?

make it look like college, make real life connections

How long do school transitions take?

~1 year

Thin Ideal

effect eating disorders; body image issues

Effect of Marijuana

alters adolescent brain development, impacting memory and attention, increases impulsivity

How can we reduce physical bullying?

encourage our kids to stay in groups; encourage prosocial behavior

Effective Sex Education

cannot ONLY encourage abstinence

Most common STD?

HPV

What can delay sex?

religion, open relationship with parents

50% of teens…

have sex by Senior Year

80%…

have sex by 20

Early Maturation

problems in male and female; females (higher promiscuity, self-esteem issues)

Puberty - Secular Trend

obesity

Growth Spurt

up to 4mm overnight