Studied by 23 people
What will the cell become when Na+ enters?
Depolarized
What is the term used to describe the cell becoming more positive?
Depolarized
What will the cell become when Cl- enters?
Hyperpolarized
What is the term used to describe the cell becoming overly negative?
Hyperpolarized
What will the cell become when K+ leaves?
Hyperpolarized
What will the cell become when voltage-gated Na+ channels close?
Repolarized
What is the rpm of a human neuron?
-70mV
Where is the greater concentration of Na+?
In the cell
Where is the greater concentration of K+?
In the cell
Where is the greater concentration of Cl-?
Outside the cell
Does repolarizing make the cell more positive or negative?
Negative
What is the threshold to open ion channels to trigger depolarization?
15mV above RMP
What will happen if external Cl- is lowered to zero?
Block repolarization
What will happen if external Cl- is raised to 1000 mM?
Faster repolarization
What will happen if the external K+ is lowered to zero?
Faster repolarization
What will happen if external K+ is raised to 400mM?
Block repolarization
What will happen to Na+ ions if a voltage higher than 55 mV is used?
Na+ ions will move out of the cell
What is the muscle that moves through the thigh and is responsible for the patellar reflex called?
Rectus femorus
What is the group of muscles in the thigh called?
Quadriceps femoris
What are the names of the two scientists who worked with the giant squid axon to learn about action potentials?
Hodgkin and Huxley
What is the name of the standard model of action potential called?
Hodgkin and Huxley model
What technique did Hodgkin and Huxley use in their experiment?
Voltage clamp technique
What apparatus was used by Hodgkin and Huxley for analyzing the giant squid axon?
Axon test chamber
What is the term used to describe the difference in electrical potential between two points?
Voltage potential
What is the term used to describe the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane?
Membrane potential
What is the term used to describe an event where electrical membrane potential of a cell rises and falls rapidly?
Action potential
What are the two types of channels involved in action potentials?
Sodium and potassium
Where are sodium and potassium channels located?
In the cell membrane
What channels open during depolarization?
Na+ channels
Will Na+ entering the cell make it more positive or negative?
Positive
What channels open during repolarization?
K+ channels
What channels close during repolarization?
Na+ channels
What brings the cell back to resting potential?
Repolarization
What ions flow out of the cell during hyper polarization?
K+
Will K+ flowing out of the cell make the cell more negative or positive?
Negative
What activates voltage gated ion channels?
Changes in membrane potential
What direction do K+ ions flow?
Out
What direction do Na+ ions flow?
In
Therapeutically, what are channel blockers used to prevent?
Neurodegenerative diseases
What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?
Hypertension
What are potassium channel blockers used to treat?
Arrhythmias
What are sodium channels used for?
Anesthesia and anti-convulsion
What ion channel blocker does not have therapeutic properties?
Cl-
What is a neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels?
Tetrodotoxin
What technique is used to study ion channels in living tissues, cells, or patches of the cell membrane?
Patch clamp technique
What technique is used to record current through the membrane of excitable cells while maintaining a fixed membrane voltage?
Voltage clamp technique
What is the technique used to record voltage of a cell following an electrical stimulus?
Current clamp technique
What are the bones of the skull that immediately cover and protect the brain surfaces?
Cranium
What is the thin cover of skin that covers most of the cranium?
Scalp
What is the largest part of the brain immediately beneath the bones of the cranium that are composed of neurons?
Cerebral cortex
What are nerve cells that are functionally connected to each other and connected to other parts of the brain?
Neurons
What does absence of electrical activity in the human cerebral cortex signify?
Cell death
What are the regions of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe and parietal lobe
What lobe processes visual information?
Occipital
What lobe processes somatosensory information such as cutaneous pain or temperature?
Pariteal lobe
What are the regions of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and cerebellum.
What are placed on the scalp to detect electrical activity associated with functioning neurons?
Electrodes
What is the recording of the brain’s activity obtained by using electrodes called?
EEG
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram
t/f: EEG electrode detects activity from the brain just underneath it
True
t/f: Electrodes receive information from 1 neuron
False
Who discovered that electrodes placed on the scalp can detect various patterns of electrical activity?
Hans Berger
What are the 4 rhythms recorded in the EEG?
Alpha, beta, delta, theta
What is the measurement of EEG rhythms?
Frequency
What are the frequencies of alpha?
8-13
What are the frequencies of beta?
13-30
What are the frequencies of delta?
1-5
What are the frequencies of theta?
4-8
What is the rhythm of an adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed?
Alpha
What regions of the brain are alpha frequencies recorded?
Occipital and partital lobes
What is the rhythm of individuals who are alert, attentive to external stimuli, and exert mental effort?
Beta
What does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement sleep
t/f: beta rhythms are synchronized
False
t/f: beta rhythms are associated with memory
True
What are the rhythms of nREM
Delta and theta
What wave is present with difficult mental activities requiring concentration (not beta)?
Delta
What wave is present with emotionally frustrating events (not beta)?
Theta
What are three kinds of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
What EEG method uses two electrodes and a third for baseline?
Bipolar
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Heart
What type of muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs?
Smooth
What type of muscle is attached to the skeleton?
Skeletal
What is the term used to describe the hundreds of individually cylindrically shaped cells in muscles?
Fibers
What part of the nervous system stimulates skeletal muscles?
Somatic motor nerves
How many neurons can innervate a muscle fiber?
One
How many muscle fibers can be innervated by a neuron?
Many
What are the long cylindrical extensions of the neurons called?
Axons
What is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls called?
Motor unit
What is the term used to refer to the increasing number of simultaneously active motor units within the muscle?
Motor neuron recruitment
What is the term used to describe the constant state of slight tension that serves to maintain the muscle in a state of readiness?
Tonus
What is the term used to describe the changing strength of muscle contraction/change in extent of shortening in proportion to the load placed on the muscle?
Grading
What is the term used to describe the detection, amplification, and recording of changes in skin voltage produced by underlying skeletal muscle contraction?
Electromyography
What is the recording of an electromyography called?
EMG
What does EMG stand for?
Electromyogram
t/f EMG spikes have negative and positive components due to propagation of the muscle consisting of depolarizing and repolarizing
True
Are Integrated EMG fibers more or less accurate?
More
What is the application of force resulting in the movement of an object called?
Mechanical work
Are AP’s sent in singles or trains?
Trains
t/f: The number of motor units are proportional to the amount of work done by the muscle
True
t/f: Recruiting different motor units give them time to relax
True
Note
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