AS101 exam 4

What is a nutrient?

feed constituent that is vital and functions in the support of life

what are the 2 methods of estrus synchronization?

administer prostaglandin

"give and take" progesterone

how long after birth do sheep go into estrus?

next season

how long after birth do swine go into estrus?

3-5 day AFTER WEANING

what kind of donors are used for ET

superovulated females

how long after birth do horses go into estrus?

5-10 days

how long after birth do cattle go into estrus

60 days

True or False

the older a crop gets the thinner the cell wall gets

False, the cell wall gets thicker the older the crop gets

True or False

NPN is utilized in older animals

True

LH causes the formation of ___________

the corpus luteum

what hormone causes the corpus luteum to regress?

prostaglandin

what hormone is meant to maintain pregnancy?

progesterone

What hormone induces growth and development?

estrogen

As NDF increases intake _________

decreases

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

carbohydrates

fats

proteins

vitamins

minerals

water

What is the function(s) of water as a nutrient?

transport of nutrients

temp regulation

lubrication

metabolism

What is the most important nutrients?

water

What is the "Rule of Thumb" calculation water consumption in unstressed animals?

1 gallon per 100 lbs live weight

What is the primary function(s) of Carbohydrates?

supply energy - to body cells

Type of carbohydrates

Simple Sugars (glucose)

Starch

Cellulose

Who primarily uses Cellulose?

the Ruminant

What nutrient is required but can be toxic in large amounts?

a. Minerals

b. Vitamins

c. Fats and Lipids

d. Carbohydrates

a. Minerals

What is the function(s) of Fats and Lipids?

dietary energy supply

insulation

protection

carrier of fat-soluble vitamins

source of essential fatty acids

How much more energy does fat have than carbohydrates?

2.25 x more energy

What percent Nitrogen = 100% protein?

~16%

How to calculate crude proteins?

% N x 6.25 = %CP

What are proteins made of?

amino acids

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

essential AA: cannot be synthesized must be supplied in diet

non-essential AA: can be synthesized

What is the function(s) of proteins?

growth of muscle/connective tissue

Metabolism

Energy source (last resort)

Protein requirements ________ as age _________

Decreases, Increases

What are the 2 classes of vitamins?

fat soluble and water soluble

All vitamins should be supplied in the diet of __________

non-ruminants

What is the function(s) of vitamins?

regulate metabolism

Minerals are what type of compounds?

inorganic

List the macro-minerals

Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, K, S

List the micro-minerals

Fe, Cu, Se, Zn

Marco minerals are needed in _________ amounts

large

Micro minerals are needed in _______ amounts

trace or small

What is the function(s) of minerals?

-Skeletal function

-Maintenance

-Oxygen transport

-Regulation of Acid/Base balance and enzyme system

What is digestion?

preparation of food for absorption

mechanically

chemically

enzymatically

microbially

What is absorption?

Taking digested food into the blood stream

What is metabolism?

sum of all physical and chemical proccesses in the body

What is a simple stomach?

Monogastric

Who are simple stomachs?

humans,

swine,

poultry,

dogs,

cats

Who are monogastric with a functional cecum?

horses

elephants

rabbits

What kind of stomachs do ruminants have?

Polygastric

how many compartments in the stomach do ruminants have?

4

Who are polygastric/ruminants?

cattle

sheep

goats

deer

What are the basic components of the digestive system? (5)

mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

Funtion of Esophagus

movement of food

Function of stomach

1. storage

2. physical breakdown of food

3. chemical digestion

Function of small intestine

digestion and absorption

Function of large intestine

1. water resorption

2. storage

3. microbial fermentation

What are the 4 chambers of a polygastric stomach?

Rumen

Abomasum

Omasum

Reticulum

What's the gizzard for?

grinds feed

What is the cecum?

site of microbial fermentation in horse

produces VFAs and microbial protein

synthesis of B vitamins by the microbes

What does VFA stand for?

volatile fatty acids

How large is the rumens capacity in cattle?

~50 gallons

What does the rumen chamber of the stomach do?

1. storage

2. physical mixing

3. fermentation chamber

what does the reticulum do?

traps foreign objects

regurgitation (cud chewing)

What does the omasum do?

water absorption

What does the abomasum do?

true stomach

chemical digestion

what is the very first step in any feed analysis?

Representative sample needed

What does DM stand for and what does it measure?

Dry Matter;

measures the water content in a feedstuff

What does TDN stand for and what does it measure?

Total Digestible Nutrients;

measures energy

What does CF stand for and what does it measure?

Crude Fiber;

measures lowly digestible nutrients

What does NDF stand for in regards to cattle feeding protocols?

Neutral-Detergents Fibers

What does ADF stand for and what does it measure?

Acid Detergent Fibers;

measure of insoluble residue

What is ADF used for?

used as an indicator of forage digestibility

Whats it mean if you have a THIN cell wall in terms of ADF and NDF?

Low NDF (=high intake)

Low ADF (=high energy)

Whats it mean if you have a THICK cell wall in terms of ADF and NDF?

High NDF (=low intake)

High ADF (=low energy)

what has a thicker cell wall?

early harvested forage or late harvested forage?

late harvested forage

What does CP stand for and what does it measure?

Crude Protein;

measures amino acids / nitrogenous compounds

how to measure CP?

CP = % nitrogen x 6.25

What does NPN stand for?

Non-Protein Nitrogen

define Relative Feed Values

A prediction of feeding value that combines estimated intake (NDF) and estimated digestibility (ADF) into a single index.

-RFV is used to evaluate legume hay.

-RFV is often used as a benchmark of quality when buying or selling alfalfa hay.

-RFV is not used for ration formulation.

When converting DM to as-fed what does it mean in terms of weight and nutrient concentration

nutrient concentration will decrease

weight will increase

When converting as-fed to DM what does it mean in terms of weight and nutrient concentration

nutrient concentration will increase

weight will decrease

what is the As-Fed to DM math

multiply by DM% --> smaller number

what is the DM to As-Fed math

divide by DM% --> larger number

describe dry forages and roughages

low energy

>18% CF

>25% DM

describe fresh forages

high moisture

high CF

describe silage

whole plants

30-60% DM

describe feed concentrates

energy feed

< 18% CF

< 20% CP

describe protein supplements

> 20% CP

plant or animal sources

ex: urea (281% CP)

Feed value increases as crude fiber ___ and crude protein ___.

decrease

increases

what do you need to consider when feeding livestock?

-species

-weight

-stage of production (lactation, prego, growing)

-expected performance level

-availability of feed stuff

-cost

define diet and ration

Diet = feed, including water, consumed

Ration = amt of feed consumed in 24 hrs

study pearsons square

what's the body condition scale for cattle

1-9

1=malnutritioned

5=moderate

9=obese

What is the male's 3 main roles in reproduction?

1. produce ample quantities of semen

2. find the receptive female

3. ability to mount and serve

in general as semen volume ____ the sperm concentration ____

increases

decreases

What does the epididymis do?

storage and maturation of sperm

What does the scrotum do?

provides support for the testicles

temperature regulation for sperm viability

What do the vas deferens do?

transports sperm to urethra

What does the urethra do?

transports urine out of body

What do the accessory glands do?

adds fluid and nutrients to sperm

who has the greatest volume of sperm

a. Bull

b. Ram

c. Stallion

d. Boar

d. Boar

what are the roles of a female in reproduction? (6)

develop and release the egg

mate (estrus/ standing heat)

conceive, develop, carry, and nurture baby

give birth

produce milk for baby

rebreed

What do the ovaries do?

produce eggs (ova)