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39 Terms
1
3 Nucleotide Components
5-carbon sugar - DNA - Deoxyribose sugar or RNA - Ribose Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
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Nitrogen Bases
Encodes the genetic information.
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Purines
Double ring
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Complementary Base Pairing
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)
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Pyrimidines
Single ring
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Double Helix
Consists of two strands connected in a helical fashion (think spiral staircase).
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Semi-conservative Replication
Base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand.
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DNA Helicase
Unzips the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases that connect the two strands together.
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DNA Polymerase
Reads the template strand and adds nucleotides to form the complementary DNA strand.
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10
Genome
Consists of all of the genetic material of an organism.
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Gene
A short segment of DNA found on a chromosome that contains the instructions for building a protein.
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12
Allele
Variation of a gene.
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13
Locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome.
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14
Genotype
Genetic makeup, seq. of DNA.
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Phenotype
The organism’s physical traits.
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Gene Expression
Refers to the production of the protein the gene codes for.
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RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
A polymer of a nucleic acid that is found in all living cells and plays a role in protein synthesis.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Produced from a DNA template, and carries the information for protein production to the ribosome (where proteins are made).
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Molecules together with proteins makeup ribosomes.
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Transcription
Makes a mRNA copy of the DNA gene.
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Introns
Noncoding regions (do not code for the polypeptide).
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Exons
Code for the polypeptide.
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Alternative Splicing
Genes can code for multiple proteins depending how the mRNA is spliced.
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Translation
The synthesis of a protein using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule.
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Codon
Three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid.
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Genetic Code
The set of codons and the amino acids they code for.
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Anticodon
Sequence on the tRNA that is complementary to the codon.
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29
Mutation
A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
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Point Mutations
Affects one nucleotide.
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Chromosomal Mutations
Affects many nucleotides.
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Substitution
Change a nucleotide
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Insertion
Add a nucleotide
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Deletion
Remove a nucleotide
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Frameshift Mutation
Mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide caused by insertion or deletion point mutations.
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Chromosomal Mutations
Involves many nucleotides; ex. deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation.
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Methyl groups
Tighten chromatin, DNA is not accessible for transcription. Genes are “off” (no gene expression).
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Acetyl groups
Loosen chromatin, DNA is accessible for transcription. Genes are “on” (genes are expressed).
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39
Differentiation
The process in which cells become specialized in structure and function.
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