HST Exam 1

These flashcards cover important concepts, figures, and terms related to the history of health, medical terminology, and healthcare systems.

Who started studying disease rather than believing in supernatural causes?

Ancient Greeks

Who started water sanitation systems and started bringing medical personnel to wars?

Ancient Romans

Father of medicine

Hippocrates

Who practices acupuncture?

Chinese

Leeches

Used in medicine for bloodletting or draining blood.

An oath that medical graduates take upon completing medical school.

Hippocratic Oath

How did the Greeks change the trajectory of medicine?

realized that illnesses might have natural causes and began to study the causes of disease

Elizabeth Blackwell

The first female physician in the United States.

Edward Jenner

Discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox.

Louis Pasteur

Known as the father of Microbiology; discovered microorganisms.

Francis Crick and James Watson

Discovered the molecular structure of DNA.

Florence Nightingale

Changed the perception of nursing and improved sanitary conditions.

Clara Barton

Founded the Red Cross in 1881.

Ignaz Semmelweis

Identified the link between poor hygiene and childbed fever.

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Anesthesia

Loss of sensation used during surgical procedures.

Asepsis

Maintaining a sterile environment to prevent infection.

Geriatric

Pertaining to the care of elderly patients.

Stethoscope

A device used to listen to sounds inside the body.

Noninvasive procedure

A procedure that does not penetrate the skin.

Quackery

Pretending to cure diseases without actual medical facts.

Antiseptic

A substance that inhibits the growth of germs.

Microorganisms

Tiny entities such as bacteria or fungi visible only under a microscope.

Epidemic

A disease that spreads rapidly within a community.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that spreads across many countries.

Endemic

A disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area.

Physical Therapist

Helps patients improve movement and reduce pain.

Occupational Therapist

Assists patients with daily living tasks.

Speech Therapist

Helps with communication and swallowing disorders.

MD (Doctor of Medicine)

Focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases through standard methods.

DO (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine)

Emphasizes holistic care over conventional medical practices.

Medical Ethics

Concerned with moral principles governing healthcare.

Informed Consent

A document explaining risks and benefits of medical procedures.

DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)

A legal document stating that CPR should not be performed.

Power of Attorney

Legally grants someone authority to make decisions on your behalf.

Advanced Directive

Legal instructions regarding healthcare decisions in case of incapacity.

Negligence

Failure to take proper care resulting in harm.

Standard of Care

The appropriate level of care provided to patients.

Code of Ethics

Rules guiding healthcare workers to act with integrity and fairness.

Malpractice

Misconduct by a healthcare professional causing patient injury.

Statute of Limitations

Time limit for filing a legal complaint regarding malpractice.

Medicare

Federal health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older.

Medicaid

Insurance for low-income individuals, funded by state and federal taxes.

Affordable Care Act

Requires equal insurance coverage for all applicants.

Workers Compensation

Insurance covering employees injured at work.

HMO (Health Maintenance Organization)

Provides most healthcare through a network of providers.

PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)

Contracted network for insurance, allowing for flexibility in choice.

Deductible

Amount owed before insurance coverage begins.

Premium

Regular payment to maintain health insurance coverage.

Copayment

Fixed fee paid for healthcare services received.

Beveridge Model

Universal healthcare funded through government taxes.

Bismark Model

Mandatory insurance funded by payroll taxes.

Single-payer System

One entity pays for all healthcare costs.

Out-of-pocket System

Individuals pay for healthcare directly without insurance.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Ensures safe working conditions.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Leading organization for public health protection.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Ensures the safety and efficacy of food and drugs.

NIH (National Institutes of Health)

Primary federal agency for medical research.

WHO (World Health Organization)

Coordinates international health efforts.