Medieval Europe and the Middle Ages

Propitiate

Win or regain the favor of (a god, spirit, or person) by doing something that pleases them

The Black Death

Major disease (called bubonic plague) that killed 25 million people in Europe (almost 1/3 of the population) during the late Middle Ages.

The Renaissance

Golden Age of Western Europe with amazing achievements in the arts, literature, and science, scholars studied art and books from ancient Greece and Rome, and Humanism

Humanism

There was a focus on humans and life on earth instead of on God and Heaven. Language and literature increased Printing press helped spread it Many arts contained more color, interaction, more accurate description

Niccolo Machiavelli

Famous author of the Renaissance who wrote a book called “The Prince,” which is a guide for government leaders. Key ideas of this book include: Rulers must have absolute power and do whatever is necessary to stay in power (even if that means dishonest and cruel behavior)

Martin Luther

Started the Protestant Reformation and Lutheranism

John Calvin

created Calvinism and God has predetermined your path, predestination

Pope Leo X

Catholic pope during the start of the Reformation

Johann Tetzel

Sold indulgences to raise money for the Church

Galileo Galilei

Scientist whose work challenged the Church

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who supported the Catholic Church

Causes of the Crusades

It appealed to Christians to fight in the name of God

Causes of the Crusades

European Christians believed the Holy Land should not be controlled by Muslims.

Causes of the Crusades

Many poor Europeans wanted to escape from feudalism: since if you fought and moved, you would find new opportunities for wealth, land, and better living conditions and prosperity in the East, acquiring land, wealth and power that they did not have in Europe

Causes of the Crusades

Many Europeans hoped to gain wealth from the Middle East.

Effects of the Crusades

After years of fighting, trade between Europe and the Middle East increased (Italian cities such as Venice gained control over much of this trade since they had a central location in the Mediterranean Sea).

Effects of the Crusades

Lots of fighting led to many deaths

Effects of the Crusades

Europeans learned about the many achievements that Muslims had made during their Golden Age (i.e.- achievements in math, science, medicine, philosophy, and art).

Effects of the Crusades

Feudalism in Europe began to decline as many nobles had been killed and many serfs had escaped.

Effects of the Crusades

Unifying diverse groups under the same title of European Christians

Causes of the Black Death

The disease started in East Asia (maybe China) and spread to Europe over trade routes such as the Silk Road. The interaction of different groups of people helped spread the disease.

Effects of the Black Death

Depopulation- The population of Europe decreased from 85 million to 60 million.

Effects of the Black Death

Feudalism continued to decline as serfs fled from manors for better opportunities.

Effects of the Black Death

Trade temporarily decreased, causing the economy to decrease

Effects of the Black Death

Limited education and advancements since nobody could risk going to school

Effects of the Black Death: Faith in religion

decreased since prayer didn't work and people felt abandoned by their religious leaders since they couldn't help/visit, decreased church visits, religious leaders died

Effects of the Black Death: Economy

Price of goods became more expensive since there were less surfs willing to work the land

Effects of the Black Death: Feudalismś strict social hierarchy

fell apart since everyone got sick no matter their social status and the lower class (surfs) were allowed to charge more for their services since finding ppl who were willing to work was rare

Effects of the Black Death: Family life

fell apart since people abandoned their family when they were dying to not get sick

Effects of the Black Death: Government/rule of law

Fell apart since dying was more drastic than breaking the law. Many people were home sick so not a lot of crimes were committed.

Effects of the Black Death: Population

population decreased

Who was Charlemagne?

King of the Franks and Holy Roman, Charlemange´s reign CONTRADICTED the claim that the Middle Ages were Dark Ages

Who was Charlemagne?

Charlemange was eloquent and well spoken, of strong build and good health… Frequent exercise occurred and the Franks were some of the best at horseback riding, He promoted education by issuing religious leaders to establish schools near places of worship, Charlemange wanted the best for civilians and wanted them to be educated, etc.