History test on early Republic

National Debt

Took all the state debt and made it into a national debt

Tarrif

Taxes that were made for citizens to pay as a way to recover from the national debt. Alexander hamilton was the main advocator to set tariffs in place

Assumption

Taking on the debt of other states

In government, an assumption is a foundational belief or premise that shapes policies, actions, or decisions.

The dinner party comrpomis

Thomas Jefferson set up a diner, hamilton and madison came up with a compromise by allowing the national debt be put in place and having the capital moved closer

Bank of the United States of America

Was the central bank and was chartered in 1791 by congress with Hamilton's assistance which helped overcome Thomas Jefferson's objections. Wasn't renewed in 1811, reconstituted 1816, ceased in 1841

The French revolution

Upheaval in france from 1789-1799. The rise of Napoleon took place and during this event George Washington kept the US uninvolved because he believe the country wasn't ready to help

Neutrality

The state of not supporting or helping any side in a conflict, disagreement, etc. Washington recommended to future presidents to stay out of european wars

Federalists

Led by Hamilton, favored a strong federal government, believed the constitution gave the government implied powers

Democratic Republicans (Republicans)

Led by Jefferson and Madison, believed in strict reading of the constitution and hated the federalists “implied powers” idea. Think congressional powers were limited to what is absolutely necessary to carry out the enumerated powers

XYZ afdair

Britain and France are at war with one another and both want the us to help them. John Adams sends a diplomatic mission of 3 ambassadors to France to negotiate a treaty. French foreign Minister, Charles Talleyrand sends 3 diplomats to deliver messages to the US ambassador. The message said that before Talleyrand can meet the ambassadors the US must pay $250,000 (bribe) and guarantee France loans (Extortion). The french messagers were known as X, Y, and Z. Jean Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z). America refused and went to war against France known as the “Quasi-war” today. The slogan, “millions for defense, not one cent for tribute” became very popular.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

Under Napoleon, part of XYZ affairs

Napoleon Bonaparte

The government feared the French would invade under Napoleon's rule and that immigrants that were coming over were being sent to america to criticize the government, resulted in the alien and sedition acts

Alien and sedition act

Laws that said the people were not allowed to criticise the government

Midnight judges

The judges appointed by President John Adams in his last few days of being president so that he could keep people with like minded political views as him within the Supreme court

John Marshal

Head of supreme court during the Marbury vs Madison case

Revolution of 1800

Thomas Jefferson (democratic-republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist). It was a change in political views

Laissez-faire

a belief that the economy functions best when its left on its own without any government involvement/interference

Louisiana purchase

Seen as one of the best territory deals ever. The United states bought the territory from france and it doubled the size of the US. Gave the US control over the mississippi river and the port of new orleans. Costed 15 million dollars.

Lewis and Clark expedition (corps of discovery)

After the Louisiana purchase Thomas Jefferson planned for a expedition to be set up so that the new territory could be explored and they could get information on the plants, animals, and natives. The expedition was led by Meriweather Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark. Expedition was from 1804 to 1806. Successfully got vital information on the territory.

Marbury vs madison

Marbury was suppose to get a job in the supreme court when Adams was goign through with the “midnigth judges” but marbury didnt get the job because his term ended before the letters could get mailed. Jefferson came into presidency and got rid of the letters. Marbury sued Adams and in the trial the supreme court established Judicial Review and deemed the trial not something that the court handles.

Judicial review

The Supreme court's power to consider something to be unconstitutional

Embargo

Prevents the people from trading with certain countries. Jefferson put in place an embargo in 1807 to remain neutral as france and britain kept imprisoning American ships, the embargo backfired and impacted the economy significantly

Impressment

tensions between the british and united states greatened as Britain kept taking American ships. America wanted to resolve it diplomatically but Britain didn't. Lead up to the war of 1812

War hawks

People who strongly advocated for going to war with Britain

A Star spangled banner

A man called Francis Scott Key wrote the song while viewing the British attack Fort McHenry in 1814, he was inspired by the american flag that flew over the fort the morning after the battle had taken place

Burning of Washington

After the British won a battle at Bladensburg they entered Washington DC and set the White House, Capitol building, and other government buildings ablaze in hopes of worsening the United states morale. The plan backfired as people were greatly angered

Andrew Jackson

Helped lead many battles against the British during the war and built a solid reputation. This reputation later lead to him becoming president

Battle of new orleans

Happened January 8, 1815. Andrew Jackson lead the battle and defeated the British, solidifying his reputation as a national hero. The battle occurred after the treaty of ghent and could have been avoided had the treaty made it overseas fast enough

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the war of 1812, signed December 24, 1814

Indian removal act

A federal law passed by congress and signed by Andrew JAckson in 1830. It allowed the action of forcing Native Americans out of their homes and territory

Nullification crisis

There were some states that were angered by the tariffs being put into place, mainly the southern states and they argued the tariffs to be unconstitutional. In 1832 South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification which declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be null and void within the state and they threatened to leave the union if the government tried to enforce the tariffs. Andrew JAckson viewed this as a threat to the union and he used military force to enforce the tariffs and he pressured Congress to pass a act that allowed military force to enforce federal laws. Henry Clay helped to reach a compromise for everyone by advocating for less expensive tariffs. This event confirmed the idea that federal government was supreme over the states

Worcester vs Georgia

A case happened that argued over wether Georgia had the power to control cherokee land but the final decision was ignored by Jackson

Trails of tears

The US government forced Natie American tribes to leave their homes and move to find new lands. The government wanted the land to grow the country. Many native americans died over the journey.

Bank war

The national bank needed a recharter, Jackson and his followers viewed it as something that benefits the wealthy and that it threatened Americas democracy, in other words they say it as unconstitutional so when the recharter came to Jackson he vetoed it. It resulted in economic instability, financial panic, and the power the president holds. Helped to shape the type financial system we have today

What was Alexander Hamilton’s plan for reducing the National Debt and strengthening the economy? Who was against the plan?

Hamilton proposed the idea of a national bank and tariffs

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed these ideas

What was the compromise between Madison and Hamilton why was it so important?

Hamilton got Madison and his supporters to agree to support the idea of state debts

The capital was moved to the potomac river which established washington DC

It determined the nations capital, resulted in financial stability, and helped maintain the bond between Northern and Southern stat

es

Know the major differences between the two early political parties; Republicans and Federalists.

Republicans, led by Jefferson and Madison, believed in strict reading of the constitution and hated the federalists “implied powers” idea. Think congressional powers were limited to what is absolutely necessary to carry out the enumerated powers

Federalists, led by Hamilton, favored a strong federal government, believed the constitution gave the government implied powers

What were the major events of Adams’ presidency?

XYZ affair

Quasi-War

Alien and Sedition Act

Election of 1800

Why did Jefferson seek to purchase New Orleans from Napoleon?

New Orleans was a important port at the mouth of the mississippi river

A essential trading area for America

Jefferson was concerned about Napoleon having control over such a important port thats close to US territory

What tasks did Jefferson assign to Lewis and Clark for their expedition and were they successful?

Jefferson tasked Lewis and Clark with finding Nothwest passage, mapping and charting territory, documenting new animals, plants, ect, and establishing relations with the native american tribes

Lewis and Clark were succeeded in all of these tasks

Who did more to threaten the sovereignty of the United States - the French or the British and why?

The Britush were more threatening to the sovereignty of the United States

The impressment is a huge example with the british seizing American sailors and forcing the into the Royal Navy

Preventing Amrican trade

The war of 1812

What was ironic about the Battle of New Orleans?

The battle could have been avoided

How did the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears lead to an increase in slavery?

By removing Native Americans from their lands America had more farming land and needed more people to work on them to use utilize the fields to their best

Slaves were being brought in from Africa and as the famring lands grew and farmers needed more workers to pick cotton the need for slaves grew

What was the Corrupt Bargain, who was involved, and what was the result?

In 1824 there were four main canadites, Andrew Jackson, John quincy Adams, Henry clay, and William H. Crawford

None of them received a majority of electoral votes and the House of Representatives had to decide and Clay was kicked out of the selection because he came in fourth

Clay was the speaker of the house and held lost of influence over the outcome of the election.

Adams became president and selected Clay as his vice president

Jackson, along with his supporters, accused adams of striking a “corrupt bargain” and that he used his influence to get Adams the win with the certainty that he would be selected as vice president

This damaged both Clays and Adams reputation