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durkheim: positive functions of crime
can create social change
protest (Nelson Mandel protested apartheid and became SA president)
HOWEVER: how much is the right amount?
durkheim: maintaining social solidarity
collective condemnation of the offender (9/11 memorial)
boundary maintenance (Guy Fawkes - public)
HOWEVER, effect of crime on individuals
durkheim: crime is inevitable
people hold different norms or variations of norms
CAGE: young vs old
kingsley davis
safety valve
smaller deviances prevent bigger crimes
prostitution for the release of men’s sexual frustration
prevents sexual assault, family breakdown
criticisms of durkheim
how much is the right amount?
social isolation - stay indoors, fear of attack
robert merton: strain theory
strain between structural factors (means) and cultural factors (goals)
robert merton: american dream
meritocratic society
reality: many disadvantaged and denied opportunities to achieve legitimately
pressure to resort to illegitimate means
robert merton: responses to strain
conformists: accept culturally approved gaols and strive to achieve them legitimately
innovators: accept goal of money success, use new illegitimate means (fraud, drug dealing)
albert cohen: status frustration
cultural deprivation
status deprivation
alternative status hierarchy
cultural deprivation
face anomie in m/c dominated school
inability to succeed leaves them at the bottom of status hierachy
status frustration
face problem adjusting to the low status they are given by mainstream society
alternative status hierarchy
create new delinquency subculture that inverts the values of mainstream society
status frustration evaluation
offers an explanation for non-utilitarian deviance among w/c
assumes that w/c boys start off sharing m/c success goals, only to reject them when they fail
cloward and ohlin: subcultures
conflict
criminal
glocal
conflict subcultures
territory
e.g. football hooligans
e.g. NG triangle
blocked opportunities, high population turnover
criminal subcultures
hierarchy, structured
less population turnover
e.g. the krays (60s - 70s)
glocal
global links: smuggling (goods, drugs, people)
local actions: selling local subcultures on the streets