Psych BOE 1 Indy

**Hindsight Bias**

psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event that they accurately predicted it before it happened

Operational Definition

a description of something in terms of the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured.

Case Study

 a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon

Naturalistic Observation

a research method in which the researcher studies behavior in its natural setting without intervention or manipulation

Survey

a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals.

Experiment

 an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested.

Control Group

the control group comprises participants who do not receive the experimental treatment

Experimental Group

the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable/the drug

Population

 the complete set group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a common characteristic

Random Sample

 a subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole.

Random Assignment

the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group

Double-Blind Procedure

one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.

Placebo

a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.

Independent Variable

 the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment. 

Dependent Variable

 the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation

Statistical Significance

 a measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true compared to the acceptable level of uncertainty regarding the true answer

Illusory Correlation

a judgment by a perceiver that two variables are associated with each other, even though they were not associated in the information on which the judgment was based

Standard Deviation

a measure of dispersion that shows the spread of scores around the mean

Informed Consent

participants must be told and give their consent to the: purpose of research, procedures that will be used, risks or potential discomforts, and length of time involved.

Debriefing

a set of procedures including counselling and the giving of information aimed at preventing psychological morbidity and aiding recovery after a traumatic event.

just-world phenomenon

The belief that people get what they deserve, attributing success to merit and failure to personal flaws, ignoring external factors.

altruism

an apparently unselfish behavior that provides benefit to others at some cost to the individual

aggression

any behavior or act aimed at harming a person or animal or damaging physical property

frustration-aggression hypothesis

The theory that frustration increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior. When people are prevented from reaching a goal or experiencing something negative, they may respond with aggression. Frustration can be caused by various factors, such as obstacles, unmet expectations, or unfair treatment. Aggression can manifest physically or verbally.

bystander effect

Psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present. It occurs due to diffusion of responsibility and social influence.

social loafing

Tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group compared to when working alone.

social exchange theory

Theory that explains social interactions as a process of exchanging rewards and costs between individuals. People engage in relationships where the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.

reciprocity norm

A social expectation that people should respond to others' actions with similar actions, either positive or negative, creating a sense of fairness and obligation in social interactions.

conflict

A clash or disagreement between individuals or groups with opposing interests, beliefs, or values. It can arise due to various factors such as competition, misunderstandings, or differences in opinion. Conflict can be both interpersonal and societal, and may lead to tension, hostility, or even violence if not resolved effectively.

social trap

A situation where individuals pursue their own self-interest, leading to a negative outcome for the group as a whole.

ingroup vs. outgroup phenonmenon

The ingroup vs. outgroup phenomenon refers to the tendency of individuals to categorize people into groups, with the ingroup being their own group and the outgroup being other groups. This can lead to favoritism towards the ingroup and discrimination against the outgroup, based on social identity and perceived differences.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

diffusion of responsibility

The phenomenon where individuals feel less responsibility to take action in a group setting, leading to a decreased likelihood of helping others in need.

deindividuation

The loss of individual identity and self-awareness in a group setting, leading to a decrease in inhibitions and an increase in impulsive and deviant behavior.

social responsibility norm

we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks

Phillip Zimbardo

Psychologist known for his Stanford Prison Experiment, which demonstrated the power of social roles in influencing behavior. He also studied time perspective and wrote the book "The Time Paradox."

groupthink

A phenomenon where a group of individuals prioritize harmony and conformity over critical thinking, leading to flawed decision-making and stifling of diverse perspectives.

social facilitation

The phenomenon where the presence of others enhances individual performance on simple tasks but impairs performance on complex tasks.

Soloman Asch

The experiments revealed the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group

Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram was a social psychologist best-remembered for his now infamous obedience experiments.

foot-in-the-door technique

A persuasion technique where a small request is made first, followed by a larger request. People are more likely to comply with the larger request after agreeing to the smaller one.

reciprocity

The principle of giving back or exchanging favors with others, creating a mutual obligation.

obedience

compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority.

conformity

the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them