Unit 6 History Test

What are precedents in the context of U.S. history?

Acts or statements that become traditions which are then followed, serving as a model for what's to come.

Who introduced many precedents as the first president of the United States?

George Washington.

What is the Cabinet in the U.S. government?

A group of Federal leaders who advise the president and are part of the executive branch, divided into four groups: State, Treasury, War, and Attorney General.

What was the purpose of tariffs in Hamilton's economic plan?

Tariffs are taxes on imported goods that help pay annual interest on bonds and encourage the purchase of domestic goods.

What does 'loose construction' of the Constitution refer to?

A vague interpretation of the Constitution, used by Hamilton to justify his economic plan.

What does 'strict construction' of the Constitution mean?

A stricter interpretation that follows the Constitution's text closely, limiting federal power, associated with Thomas Jefferson.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A 1794 violent protest by farmers against the Whiskey tax, which allowed Hamilton to demonstrate the new government's power.

What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion for George Washington's administration?

It showcased the administration's ability to suppress armed resistance, proving its strength and success.

Who were the Federalists?

Members of the Federalist party led by Alexander Hamilton, who valued a strong central government.

Who were the Democratic Republicans?

Members of the Democratic Republican party led by Thomas Jefferson, who favored an agrarian republic and the values of the yeoman farmer.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Laws signed by John Adams that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and criminalized false statements criticizing the government.

What was the outcome of the election of 1800?

A competitive election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams that led to the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties and the decline of the Federalist party.

What was the Embargo Act?

An act that prohibited American ships from leaving ports until Britain and France stopped their piracy, which ultimately harmed the U.S. economy.

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

An act authorized by Jefferson that doubled the territory of the United States, significantly expanding its size.

What was one of the main challenges Jefferson faced during his presidency?

Addressing piracy along the Barbary Coast, which led to the Embargo Act.

What did the Alien Act aim to achieve?

To make it more difficult for immigrants to become U.S. citizens.

What was the Sedition Act designed to do?

To criminalize making false statements that criticized the government.

What did the election of 1800 demonstrate about American democracy?

It showed the effectiveness of the new political system and the ability for a peaceful transfer of power.

What was one consequence of the Whiskey Rebellion?

It allowed the federal government to assert its authority and demonstrate its ability to maintain order.

How did Hamilton's economic policies relate to the concept of loose construction?

Hamilton used loose construction to justify his economic plans, which were criticized by those favoring strict interpretation.

What was the impact of tariffs on consumers?

Tariffs made imported products more expensive, encouraging consumers to buy domestic goods.

Who were the leaders of the War Hawks advocating for war against Britain?

Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina.

What was the main reason the War Hawks called for war with Britain?

They believed American dishonor would not be tolerated due to British interference with U.S. neutrality and the impressment of American soldiers.

What was the Hartford Convention?

A meeting in Connecticut led by 26 New England Federalists to discuss the economy during the War and the desire for New England to separate from the U.S.

What did the Hartford Convention foreshadow?

The disintegration of the Federalist Party.

What was the Era of Good Feelings?

A period marked by improved relations between the U.S. and Britain, national unity, and the decline of the Federalist Party (1816).

What event contributed to the Era of Good Feelings?

The end of the Napoleonic Wars and the return of American soldiers.

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A statement made by President James Monroe in 1823 asserting that the Americas were not to be colonized by European powers.

What was the reaction of European powers to the Monroe Doctrine?

They largely ignored it, questioning whether the U.S. could enforce it.

How did the Monroe Doctrine relate to the revolutions in South America?

It was influenced by the French and American Revolutions, encouraging countries like Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela to seek independence.

What was the purpose of the collaboration between George Canning and John Quincy Adams regarding the Monroe Doctrine?

To propose a proclamation that European powers should not interfere with the New World.

What was the 'Corrupt Bargain' of 1824?

An election scenario where Andrew Jackson had more electoral votes, but the House of Representatives decided the presidency, leading to claims of unfairness.

What was the American System?

A program proposed by Henry Clay to modernize the U.S. economy, including infrastructure funding, trade development, tariff protection, and support for the national bank.

How does the American System relate to Hamilton's 5-point plan?

Both include elements like tariffs, support for a national bank, and reducing national debt.

What was the impact of the Monroe Doctrine on U.S. foreign policy?

It shifted the focus from Washington's non-interference in Europe to preventing European interference in the Americas.

What was the significance of the War Hawks in U.S. history?

They played a crucial role in pushing for the War of 1812, reflecting the growing tensions with Britain.

What did the Federalists believe regarding government power during the Hartford Convention?

They believed that government power should be greater, yet they wanted New England to separate from the U.S.

What was a major outcome of the Era of Good Feelings?

A sense of national unity and the decline of political divisions following the War of 1812.

What was the relationship between the Monroe Doctrine and the Spanish-American War?

The Monroe Doctrine later justified U.S. actions in the Spanish-American War, asserting American influence in the Western Hemisphere.

What was the economic focus of the American System?

To modernize the economy through infrastructure, trade development, and protective tariffs.

What did the War Hawks claim about American honor?

They claimed that American honor would not be compromised by British actions.

What was the long-term effect of the Monroe Doctrine on U.S. foreign relations?

It established a precedent for U.S. intervention in Latin America and asserted American dominance in the Western Hemisphere.

What was the purpose of fostering nationalism in the early 19th century?

To combat sectionalism, where loyalty to one's region (North, West, South) overshadowed loyalty to the whole country.

What was the Bank of the United States accused of?

Being run by elites and operating against the interests of the common man.

Who created the First National Bank of the U.S.?

Alexander Hamilton.

What significant action did President Madison take regarding the Second National Bank?

He signed the bill creating it in 1816, despite being against Hamilton's proposal.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

An act that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the East and South to territories west of the Mississippi River.

What was the significance of the Election of 1816?

James Monroe won, marking the decline of Federalist power and leading to the Era of Good Feelings.

What was Henry Clay's American System aimed at?

Helping the economy of each section and increasing the authority of the national government.

Why did industry develop in the North during this period?

Due to access to rivers and water resources.

What was the economic structure of the South during this time?

It was based on plantations that required slave labor.

What did the Second National Bank aim to do regarding tariffs?

Set up protective tariffs to encourage the purchase of domestic goods.

What was the ruling in McCullough v Maryland?

The state of Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the U.S. because it was property of the national government.

How did Chief Justice John Marshall's decisions affect the national government?

They increased the power of the national government.

What does the Constitution say about the government's ability to create a bank?

It does not explicitly state it, but allows the government to issue money, borrow money, and collect taxes, making a bank 'necessary and proper'.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

It allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state, prohibiting slavery in new territories north of the 36°30' parallel.

What was the balance of free and slave states before Missouri's admission?

There were 11 free states and 11 slave states.

What was the temporary fix provided by the Missouri Compromise?

It applied only to the Louisiana territory.

What was the impact of the Era of Good Feelings?

It was characterized by a sense of national unity and the decline of partisan conflict.

What was a major consequence of Andrew Jackson's actions against the Bank of the U.S.?

It led to financial turmoil in the country.

What did the American System aim to combat?

Sectionalism.

What was the effect of protective tariffs on the economy?

They were intended to encourage the purchase of domestic goods.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall?

It made several decisions that strengthened the national government.

What was the primary reason for westward expansion during this period?

Americans were seeking new territories for settlement.

How did the Missouri Compromise affect the Senate?

It was designed to maintain the balance of power between free and slave states.

What doctrine asserted that the Americas were not to be colonized by European powers?

The Monroe Doctrine.

What significant event occurred during the Election of 1824?

No candidate won a majority of electoral votes, leading to a decision by the House of Representatives.

Who were the main candidates in the Election of 1824?

John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson.

What was the 'corrupt bargain' in the Election of 1824?

The suspicion that Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams in exchange for being named Secretary of State.

What political party emerged from the Democratic-Republicans during the Election of 1828?

Democrats.

What was Andrew Jackson's stance on the national bank?

He opposed it and vetoed its renewal, calling it 'corrupt & anti-American'.

What theory did John C. Calhoun advocate regarding federal laws?

States' Rights Theory, which claimed states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A law that provided federal funds to remove Native Americans from eastern U.S. lands to Indian Territory.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of Native Americans, resulting in significant suffering and death.

What new political party emerged during the Jacksonian Era?

The Whigs.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that U.S. expansion across the American continents was inevitable.

What was the significance of the Oregon Trail?

It was a route for pioneers traveling from the east to unsettled territories in the west.

What led to the Mexican-American War?

The U.S. annexation of Texas, which angered Mexico.

What was the outcome of the Mexican-American War?

The U.S. gained significant territory, including California and New Mexico, through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

What was the main concern of the North regarding Texas?

The potential expansion of slavery.

What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accomplish?

It ended the Mexican-American War and established the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico.

What was the role of General Zachary Taylor in the Mexican-American War?

He was sent by President Polk to lead American forces against Mexico.

What was the significance of the phrase 'Remember the Alamo'?

It became a rallying cry for American forces during the Mexican-American War.

What was the political landscape during the Election of 1824 characterized by?

Sectionalism rather than political party affiliation, as all candidates were Republicans.

What was Andrew Jackson's approach to government officials after his election?

He replaced them with his supporters, embodying the principle of 'to the victor belong the spoils'.