pharma:M13

Infection

caused by foreign pathogen that activates the immune system

four types of anti infective drugs include antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and?

antiprotozoal

organism that can cause disease is called

pathogen

human pathogens include viruses, bacteria, protozoa and?

fungi

contain a THICK cell wall and retain purple colour after staining

gram positive

thinner cell wall and lose violet stain

gram negative

rod shaped bacteria

bacilli

spiral shaped bacteria

spirilla

spherical shaped bacteria

cocci

aerobic organisms thrive in ? rich environment

oxygen

organisms that grow best without oxygen

anaerobic

inhibits growth or reproduction of bacteria by inhibiting DNA synthesis

bacteriostatic

kills bacteria by poking holes in cell wal

bactericidal

broad spectrum antibiotics work against ? gram positive and gram negative bacteria

both

work against either gram positive or gram negative bacteria

narrow

penicillin is an example of which spectrum antibiotic

broad spectrum

evolved bacterium that causes infection and is difficult to treat due to its resistance to penicillin and penicillin related antibiotics

MRSA

strains of enterococci bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic vacomycin

VRE

bacterial enzyme which break down and destroy commonly used antibiotics including penicillins and cephalosporins

ESBL

microorganism that must be isolated

culture grown

takes about 48 hours to identify the microorganism, treatment reevaluated

culture and sensitivity

effective against gram positive bacteria and few gram negative bacteria

penicillin

first to fifth generation and vary in broad spectrum ability and has longer duration of action

cephalosporins

cephalosporins can cause what

pseudomembranous colitits

activity against gram negative pathogens. this should not be taken with vitamin, mineral supplements or warfarin (decreased absorption)

fluoroquinolones

this is effective for aerobic gram negative bacteria, myobacteria and some protozoans

aminoglycosides

aminoflycosides can cause ? so you should monitor urine output

nephrotoxicity

Drug of choice for oral infections

Clindamycin

as effective as vancomycin for MRSA \n infections. Can cause thrombocytopenia

Linezolid

for severe S. aureus and Streptococcus \n pneumoniae infections that are resistant to other \n antibiotics. Causes nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Red- \n man syndrome may occur with rapid IV administration

Vancomycin

bactericidal and inhibit construction of \n bacterial cell wall. Carbapenem ring is very resistant to \n destruction by beta-lactamase. Can only be given IV. \n Examples: imipenem, meropenem

Carbapenems

for anaerobes and H. pylori \n stomach infections associated with PUD. One of a few \n drugs that have a dual activity against both bacteria and \n protozoa.

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

An organism with the primary purpose \n to decompose dead plants/animals; \n Grow slowly; \n Cause disease by replication

fungi

fungal infection that targets skin, mucous membranes or genital tracts

candidiasis

antifungal medications work by causing fungal cell wall to become

porous and leaky

small infectious agent that is unable to replicate without a living host cell

virus

ways to prevent viral infections include handwashing and

vaccinations

should be given with 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. Shortens duration of disease from 7 days to 5 days and may \n reduce complications such as bronchitis or pneumonia which may lead to death

influenza treatment

antiviral medications works by inhibiting ?? in the cell

viral nucleic acid synthesis

DNA viruses that cause repeated, blister- \n like lesions on the skin, genitals, and other \n mucous membranes

herpes viruses

this can decrease the frequency of acute herpes episodes and intensity of acute disease

antivirals

pharmacotherapy for herpes include acyclovir and

valacyclovir

what two lab tests are used to guide pharmacotherapy for HIV

•Viral load in the plasma (if high) \n •CD4 lymphocyte count (if low)