Theories of Personality: Hans Eysenck & Raymond Cattell
Hans Eysenck
Background
- 1916-1998
- Eysenck focused on normal and pathological populations
- He felt that many traits are biologically based and were shaped by evolutionary forces (e.g., extraversion, neuroticism)
- He used factor analysis to identify traits
Concept of Humanity
- Eysenck is not concerned with concepts of determinism vs free choice, optimism vs pessimism, and causality vs teleology
- Biology over social influence
- Conscious over unconscious
- Uniqueness over similarity
Eysenck’s 3 Personality Factors
- Extraversion - Introversion
- Introversion: tendermindedness; introspectiveness; seriousness; performance interfered with by excitement; easily aroused but restrained; inhibited; preference for solitary vocations’ sensitivity to pain
- Extraversion: toughmindedness; impulsiveness; tendency to be outgoing; desire for novelty; performance enhanced by excitement; preference for vocations involving contact with other people; tolerance for pain
- Research indicates that introverts and extroverts are not different at resting levels, but introverts are more reactive to moderate levels of simulation than extraverts
- This work led by Eysenck to revise his theory – the difference between introverts and extroverts lies in arousability, not in baseline arousal
- Neuroticism - Stability
- Psychoticism - Superego Function
Eysenck’s Theory
- Eysenck views personality as a “hierarchy of traits.” He placed special emphasis on biological differences that occur along the extraversion-introversion dimension
- Introverts have higher levels of physiological arousal causing them to avoid overly stimulating social situations
- Extraverts have lower baseline levels of arousal and, thus, seek stimulation from social situations
Trait Theories
- Trait theorists aim to describe personality with a small number of traits or factors
- Personality trait - stable quality a person shows across most situations
Raymond Cattell
Traits
- Surface Traits: features that make up the visible areas of personality
- Source Traits: underlying traits of a personality; each reflected in a number of surface traits
- Cattell also created 16PF, personality test
- Gives a picture of an individual’s personality
- Factor Analysis: technique employed by Raymond Cattell to determine the structure of human personality
Factor Analysis and the Search for the Structure of Personality
- Factor Analysis: technique employed by Raymond Cattell to determine the structure of human personality
- Source Traits: basic traits that make up the human personality
- Limitation: procedure is confined by the type of data chosen for analysis
5-Factor Model of Personality
- The 5-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of 5 basic dimensions
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeable
- Neuroticism
- Openness
- Extraversion-introversion
Big-Five
- Personality traits or personality dimensions
- An integration of personality research that represents the various personality descriptions in one common framework
- Individual differences in social and emotional life organized into a 5-factor model of personality
- Found across a variety of cultures and using a number of languages
- Permanence with Age: adults tend to maintain a consistent personality structure as they grow older
- Personality relevant terms from dictionary
- Lexical hypothesis: most of the socially relevant and salient personality characteristics have become encoded in the natural language
- Allport and Odbert (1936): 18, 000 terms, identified 4 categories
- Cattell (1943): broke 18, 000 down to subset of 4, 500 trait terms, then down to 35
- Tupes and Christal (1961): through analysis found 5 factors
Neuroticism
- Places people according to their emotional stability and personal judgment
- People with high scores are more vulnerable to anxiety and depression
- Individuals with low scores tend to be calm and well adjusted
- Places extreme extroverts at one end and extreme introverts at the other
- Extroverts are very sociable
- Introverts are reserved and independent people
Openness
- Involves active imagination, divergent thinking, and intellectual curiosity
- People on the high end are unconventional and independent thinkers
- Individuals on the low end prefer the familiar rather than the imaginative
Agreeableness
- People with high scores are helpful, trusting, and sympathetic
- Individuals with low scores tend to be antagonistic and skeptical
- Debate about what the 5 factors mean
- Disagreement about the structure of the 5 factor model
- Researchers have looked into the stability of the 5 factors over time
- When to use scores from Big Five measures vs scores from specific trait scales
Strengths and Criticisms of the Trait Approach
- Strengths:
- Usage of objective measures to examine the constructs
- Reduced level of the bias and subjectivity
- Numerous practical applications
- Educational psychologists and employers use trait measures in their work
- Generated a large amount of research
- Criticisms:
- No explanations on how traits develop or how to help people who suffer from extreme scores
- No schools of of psychotherapy have originated from the trait approach
- Lack of an agreed-upon framework
Assessment: Self-Report Inventories
- Self Report Inventories
- Asks people to respond to a series of questions about themselves
- Widely used form of personality assessment
- Have greater face validity
- Used by researchers, personal managers, and clinical psychologists
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