ch 22

Which of the following is NOT an observation made by Charles Darwin that helped him formulate his hypothesis of natural selection?

- Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.

- Individuals in a population vary in their traits.

- Individuals in a population acquire certain traits in their lifetime to survive and reproduce better than the others..

- Traits advantageous for survival tend to accumulate in populations over time.

- Similar species on nearby islands often have slight differences.

Individuals in a population acquire certain traits in their lifetime to survive and reproduce better than the others.

(Darwin's observations included overproduction of offspring, variation within populations, and differences between species in distinct environments)

Which of the following is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

- Prokaryotic cells have DNA, whereas eukaryotic cells do not.

- Both cell types lack membrane-bound organelles.

- Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells.

- Only eukaryotic cells can perform cellular respiration.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

(Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotic cells.)

Which statement summarizes the principle of Lamarckian evolution?

- Species evolve through the survival of the fittest individuals.

- Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce.

- Changes in DNA lead to variation in populations over time.

- Evolution is a result of sudden, catastrophic events in nature.

- Traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by its offspring.

Traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be inherited by its offspring.

(Lamarck proposed that organisms could pass traits acquired during their lifetime to offspring. While this idea was later rejected, it represents an important early attempt to explain evolutionary mechanisms.)

Which of the following best defines taxonomy in biology?

- The classification of organisms based on shared characteristics.

- The study of ecosystems and their interactions with organisms.

- The examination of fossils to understand evolutionary history.

- The process of identifying DNA sequences in organisms.

- The study of grouping organisms based on the idea of evolution.

The classification of organisms based on shared characteristics.

(Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with naming, describing, and classifying organisms based on shared traits. It helps organize biodiversity into hierarchical categories, such as domain, kingdom, and species.)

What does the term "descent with modification" refer to in evolutionary biology?

- The survival and reproduction of only those individuals best suited to their current environment.

- The passing of traits from parents to offspring, with changes accumulating over generations in populations.

- The gradual appearance of entirely new species through the extinction of less-fit populations.

- The preservation of all genetic traits from a common ancestor with no changes over time.

- The appearance of genetic mutations that eliminate variations within a population over successive generations.

The passing of traits from parents to offspring, with changes accumulating over generations in populations.

("Descent with modification" describes the gradual accumulation of changes in traits passed from ancestors to descendants. This process, central to evolution, explains both shared characteristics among species and their diversification over time.)

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

- DNA turns into RNA, and then RNA becomes protein with a help of ribosomes.

- Proteins are directly synthesized from DNA.

- DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

- RNA serves as a template for DNA synthesis, which is crucial for the protein synthesis.

- DNA replication produces RNA, which is then used to form proteins.

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

(The Central Dogma outlines the flow of genetic information: DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins.)

How are adaptation, relative fitness, and natural selection causally related in evolutionary biology?

- Adaptation causes natural selection to occur, which directly reduces relative fitness in a population.

- Relative fitness determines which adaptations are formed, and these adaptations eliminate natural selection from the population.

- Natural selection increases relative fitness by favoring adaptations that enhance an organism's survival or reproductive success.

- Natural selection directly causes adaptations, but relative fitness is not affected by these changes.

- Adaptation and relative fitness are unrelated to natural selection because they occur independently of environmental pressures.

Natural selection increases relative fitness by favoring adaptations that enhance an organism's survival or reproductive success.

(Adaptations are traits shaped by natural selection to improve an organism's relative fitness, defined as its reproductive success compared to others.)

The "Tree of Life" concept in biology is used to:

- Show the evolutionary relationships among all known species.

- Depict genetic differences between species based solely on physical traits.

- Illustrate the history of multicellular organisms.

- Emphasize that species evolve in a linear progression from simple to complex.

- Explain how all species share a common ancestor through genetic evidence.

Show the evolutionary relationships among all known species.

(The Tree of Life illustrates the evolutionary relationships among all species, highlighting that all organisms share a common ancestor.)

What is the best definition of natural selection?

- The random elimination of individuals from a population over time.

- The accumulation of acquired traits that increase survival and reproduction.

- The inheritance of traits that organisms acquire during their lifetime.

- The development of new traits in response to environmental demands.

- A process where individuals with unfavorable traits are eliminated from the population.

A process where individuals with unfavorable traits are eliminated from the population.

(Natural selection is a non-random process where individuals with traits that confer survival and reproductive advantages leave more offspring, increasing the frequency of those traits in future generations.)

What is the primary basis for classifying organisms into the three domains of life?

- The type of reproductive strategies they employ.

- The presence or absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

- Differences in cell wall composition and pigmentation.

- Variations in the sequences of ribosomal RNA genes.

- Whether they live in regular environments or extreme conditions.

Variations in the sequences of ribosomal RNA genes.

(The classification into the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) is primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences, reflecting deep evolutionary relationships. While some structural differences exist (e.g., nuclei in eukaryotes), the molecular basis (rRNA genes) provides the most reliable framework.)

Which of the following is a common misconception about adaptation?

- Adaptations arise as a result of natural selection.

- Adaptations are inherited traits that improve survival or reproduction.

- Organisms develop adaptations in response to environmental changes.

- Adaptations increase an organism's relative fitness in its environment.

- Adaptations result from genetic variation within populations.

Organisms develop adaptations in response to environmental changes.

(Adaptations do not develop in response to need or environmental changes.)

What was George Cuvier's main contribution to the development of evolutionary ideas?

- Proposing and developing the concept of natural selection.

- Introducing catastrophism and studying extinction through fossils.

- Suggesting gradualism through geological processes.

- Developing the idea of acquired traits inheritance in organisms.

- Describing how genetic variation arises in populations.

Introducing catastrophism and studying extinction through fossils.

(George Cuvier contributed to evolutionary ideas by studying fossils and proposing catastrophism, the idea that sudden, large-scale events caused extinctions. This challenged the view that species were immutable.)

What was Carolus Linnaeus's one of the most significant contributions to biology?

- Proposing and developing the theory of natural selection.

- Establishing a binomial nomenclature system for naming species.

- Proposing the idea that species evolve over time.

- Discovering the inheritance of acquired traits.

- Introducing the concept of uniformitarianism in geology.

Establishing a binomial nomenclature system for naming species.

(Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system, providing a standardized method for naming and classifying organisms. This laid the groundwork for modern taxonomy, distinguishing his work from evolutionary theories developed later.)

How did James Hutton and Charles Lyell influence evolutionary thought?

- They demonstrated how geological processes occur at a constant rate.

- They introduced the concept of catastrophism to explain extinctions.

- They discovered fossils that directly proved species evolution.

- They proposed that organisms acquire traits based on their needs.

- They formulated the mechanism of natural selection.

They demonstrated how geological processes occur at a constant rate.

(James Hutton and Charles Lyell introduced uniformitarianism, the idea that geological processes observed today occurred similarly in the past. This suggested Earth's immense age, providing a timeline for evolution to occur.)

Which of the following is not a kingdom in the domain Eukarya, according to modern classification?

- Plantae

- Protista

- Fungi

- Animalia

- All of these are currently recognized kingdoms.

Protista

An adaptation in evolution means ...

- an individual's attempt to conform to its environment

- the outcome of natural selection

- the descent with modification

- inheritance of acquired characteristics learned by an organism to survive and reproduce better

- None of the above

None of the above

(adaptation, individuals are BORN with the inherited traits, natural selection is the outcome of adaptation, evolution is descent with modification, inheritance of acquired characteristics is not because adaptation is inherited TRAITS.)

According to the theory of evolution, which of the following has been proven to be true? Select All That Apply unless your answer is none of the above.

- Chimpanzees have adapted over millions of years to become humans.

- Closely related species share a common ancestor which may have gone extinct or still exist.

- There was a universal common ancestor.

- The earth is very old, and it is much longer than a few thousand years.

- Natural selection create new traits in a population.

- None of the above

None of the above

(Nothing is proven within science, it's only to be well supported and generally believed because there is many evidence supporting it.)

Choose the appropriate concept for the scientist who proposed it. There are some concepts that were not proposed by any of these scientists, and you don't need to choose those.

Carolus Linnaeus

George Cuvier

Charles Lyell

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Charles Darwin

Carolus Linnaeus - Scientific name

George Cuvier - Catastrophism

Charles Lyell - Uniformitarianism

Lamarck - Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Darwin - Natural Selection

Which of the following has the same meaning of evolution in science?

- Adaptation

- Natural selection

- Descent with modification

- Tree of life

- Emergent property

Descent with modification

T or F: Evolution is happening.

- True

- Partially true because Darwin provided much evidence to support this idea, but we just don't have enough evidence.

- Not true because it has not been proven true

- Not true because we don't have enough evidence to support it.

- Not true because we have too many contradicted evidence.

True

According to the theory of evolution, which of the following is/are correct inference(s)? Select All That Apply.

- Chimpanzees in the past have adapted over millions of years to become humans

- Closely related species share a common ancestor which may have gone extinct or still exist

- There was a universal common ancestor

- The earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

- Natural selection create new traits in a population

- Closely related species share a common ancestor which may have gone extinct or still exist

- There was a universal common ancestor

- The earth is about 4.6 billion years old.

(about is a correct inference as it's not saying it's exactly that, just estimating it so correct = would be it can be factually correct & it's specific by saying the earth is 4.6 billion years old.)

Which of the following is an observation that supports natural selection?

- Some organisms can pass down some traits that they have acquired throughout their lifetime

- Members of a population can strengthen a trait that they inherited

- All organisms are born with different traits and are different from each other

- Organisms can share their resources to live together.

- None of the above

All organisms are born with different traits and are different from each other

(the 2 observations made by darwin: each individual is NOT the same & more individuals are born than those who survive who later on reproduce)

According to the theory of evolution, which of the following is/are appropriate inference(s)? Select All That Apply

- Chimpanzees have adapted over millions of years to become humans.

- Closely related species share a common ancestor which may have gone extinct or still exist.

- There was a universal common ancestor.

- The earth is very old, and it is much longer than a few thousand years.

- Natural selection creates new traits in a population.

- None of the above

- Closely related species share a common ancestor which may have gone extinct or still exist.

- There was a universal common ancestor.

- The earth is very old, and it is much longer than a few thousand years.

(appropriate = it is probable to say this, not precise or specific in the wording regarding that the earth is 'very old')

Which finding would call into question the generally accepted timeline and pattern of evolution?

- A consistent pattern where older rock layers contain simpler organisms than younger rock layers

- The presence of feathers in dinosaur fossils indicating a link to modern birds

- Fossils of modern animals discovered in the same rock layer as early single-celled organisms.

- Complex multicellular organisms discovered in strata slightly younger than the oldest known single-celled organisms.

- All of these.

Fossils of modern animals discovered in the same rock layer as early single-celled organisms.

(because with evolution, it's a gradual change as a result of adaptation so simple to complex organisms, where modern animals would be complex to find them with early cell organism layer it would contradict evolution pattern because of this compared to multicellular organism discovered in strata SLIGHTLY YOUNGER THAN OLDEST SINGLE CELL it wouldn't contradict because eukaryotic cells have been here and they can either be unicellular and multicellular.)

The idea of natural selection was significant mainly because ...

- it was a testable mechanism and supported explanations of diversity in life.

- it proved evolution and supported the biodiversity on the earth.

- it disproved Lamarck and provided people with a new way to explain evolution.

- it successfully allowed other scientists to discuss the idea of change in life.

- All of the above

it was a testable mechanism and supported explanations of diversity in life.